Cellulose and lignin biosynthesis is altered by ozone in wood of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula×alba)

Wood formation in trees is a dynamic process that is strongly affected by environmental factors. However, the impact of ozone on wood is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ozone on wood formation by focusing on the two major wood components, cellulose and lignin, and analysing any anatomical modifications. Young hybrid poplars (Populus tremula×alba) were cultivated under different ozone concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 300 nl l−1). As upright poplars usually develop tension wood in a non-set pattern, the trees were bent in order to induce tension wood formation on the upper side of the stem and normal or opposite wood on the lower side. Biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin (enzymes and RNA levels), together with cambial growth, decreased in response to ozone exposure. The cellulose to lignin ratio was reduced, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was more affected than that of lignin. Tension wood was generally more altered than opposite wood, especially at the anatomical level. Tension wood may be more susceptible to reduced carbon allocation to the stems under ozone exposure. These results suggested a coordinated regulation of cellulose and lignin deposition to sustain mechanical strength under ozone. The modifications of the cellulose to lignin ratio and wood anatomy could allow the tree to maintain radial growth while minimizing carbon cost

Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Mokdad AH, El Bcheraoui C, Afshin A, et al. Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2018;63(Suppl. 1):165-176.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study results to explore the burden of high body mass index (BMI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). We estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (2-19 years) and adults (20 years) in 1980 and 2015. The burden of disease related to high BMI was calculated using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. The prevalence of obesity increased for adults from 15.1% (95% UI 13.4-16.9) in 1980 to 20.7% (95% UI 18.8-22.8) in 2015. It increased from 4.1% (95% UI 2.9-5.5) to 4.9% (95% UI 3.6-6.4) for the same period among children. In 2015, there were 417,115 deaths and 14,448,548 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI in EMR, which constitute about 10 and 6.3% of total deaths and DALYs, respectively, for all ages. This is the first study to estimate trends in obesity burden for the EMR from 1980 to 2015. We call for EMR countries to invest more resources in prevention and health promotion efforts to reduce this burden

Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Fitzmaurice C, Alsharif U, El Bcheraoui C, et al. Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2018;63(Suppl. 1):151-164.To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015. Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 methodology. In 2015, cancer was responsible for 9.4% of all deaths and 5.1% of all DALYs. It accounted for 722,646 new cases, 379,093 deaths, and 11.7 million DALYs. Between 2005 and 2015, incident cases increased by 46%, deaths by 33%, and DALYs by 31%. The increase in cancer incidence was largely driven by population growth and population aging. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia were the most common cancers, while lung, breast, and stomach cancers caused most cancer deaths. Cancer is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the EMR, which is increasing. There is an urgent need to expand cancer prevention, screening, and awareness programs in EMR countries as well as to improve diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care services

Dynamiques saisonnières des réserves carbonées et azotées chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) adultes

Sessile oak and beech are two deciduous temperate broadleaved species, characterized by contrasted foliar and cambial phenologies. In order to progress in our understanding of reserves management in these species, we studied the seasonal dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves in adult trees in their natural environment. For this purpose, we developed a multidisciplinary approach associating ecophysiology, biochemistry and isotopy. The monthly monitoring of seasonal variation in C and N reserves in the stem sapwood showed a strong remobilization of starch from the most recent rings of oak in the spring in order to supply the necessary C for early wood growth that is concomitant to leaf expansion in this species. For beech, spring growth seemed to be less dependant on C stored within the stem sapwood. In both species, 2 polypeptides of 13 and 26 kDa accumulated with leaf senescence in the autumn and were highly abundant during the dormant period then they were remobilized with bud burst in the spring. This seasonal variation supports their role in nitrogen storage as vegetative storage proteins (VSP) and does not exclude a role in cold hardiness too. In sessile oak, the in situ 15N labeling of soil N (newly absorbed N) during the bud burst in the spring showed that N reserves accounted for 90% of total N of the new organs (leaves and twigs) at the first stages of growth. The contribution of newly assimilated N became more important when bud burst was achieved. The distribution patterns of non-structural C and N concentrations and amounts at the tree level was realized by an exhaustive sampling of trees from both species in the winter (January) and at full leaf expansion (June). This study showed i) that the distribution of concentrations among tree organs was dependant of the physiological function, wood anatomy and proximity to sink organs, ii) the importance of stem sapwood and coarse roots in reserves storage during the winter, iii) the importance of non-structural nitrogen amounts in leaves and twigs despite their low biomass, iv) higher amounts of non-structural C and N compounds in oak compared to beech, that reflects contrasted needs for spring growth and tissue maintenance during the winter dormancyLe chêne sessile et le hêtre sont deux espèces feuillues décidues tempérées, caractérisées par des phénologies foliaires et cambiales contrastées. Afin de progresser dans la compréhension de la gestion des réserves qui sont des composantes importantes des cycles internes du carbone et de l'azote, nous avons étudié la dynamique saisonnière des réserves carbonées (C) et azotées (N) chez des arbres adultes des deux espèces dans leur environnement naturel. Afin de répondre à nos objectifs, nous avons développé une approche pluridisciplinaire associant écophysiologie, biochimie et isotopie. Le suivi mensuel des variations saisonnières des réserves C et N dans le tronc a révélé chez le chêne une forte remobilisation de l'amidon à partir des cernes les plus récents au printemps pour fournir le carbone nécessaire pour la croissance du bois initial du nouveau cerne qui est concomitante à l'expansion foliaire. Chez le hêtre, la croissance printanière ne semble pas dépendante des réserves C du tronc. Chez les deux espèces, deux polypeptides de 13 et de 26 kDa s'accumulent avec la sénescence foliaire en automne, sont très abondants en période hivernale froide et sont remobilisés avec le débourrement au printemps. Cette cinétique saisonnière leur confère un rôle dans le stockage de l'azote (protéines végétatives de réserve, VSP), mais n'exclut pas un rôle dans la tolérance au froid. Chez le chêne sessile, l'étude de la source d'azote pour la croissance des feuilles et des pousses par marquage isotopique au 15N a montré que les réserves N contribuent jusqu'à 90% de l'azote total des nouveaux organes aux premiers stades de développement. La contribution de l'azote nouvellement assimilé ne devient significative que quand le débourrement est achevé. L'étude de la répartition et des quantités des composés C et N non-structuraux à l'échelle de l'arbre a été réalisée par un échantillonnage destructif d'arbres des deux espèces en hiver (Janvier) et à l'étalement complet des feuilles (Juin). Cette étude a montré i) une distribution des concentrations entre organes dépendante de leur fonction physiologique, de l'anatomie du bois et de la distance aux organes puits, ii) l'importance du tronc et des racines dans le stockage des réserves en hiver, iii) l'importance des quantités d'azote non-structural des feuilles et des pousses malgré leur faible biomasse, iv) des quantités de C et N non-structuraux plus importants chez le chêne par rapport au hêtre, pouvant refléter des besoins contrastés pour la croissance et l'entretien des tissus en hive

Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nitrogen reserves in adult sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees

Le chêne sessile et le hêtre sont deux espèces feuillues décidues tempérées, caractérisées par des phénologies foliaires et cambiales contrastées. Afin de progresser dans la compréhension de la gestion des réserves qui sont des composantes importantes des cycles internes du carbone et de l'azote, nous avons étudié la dynamique saisonnière des réserves carbonées (C) et azotées (N) chez des arbres adultes des deux espèces dans leur environnement naturel. Afin de répondre à nos objectifs, nous avons développé une approche pluridisciplinaire associant écophysiologie, biochimie et isotopie. Le suivi mensuel des variations saisonnières des réserves C et N dans le tronc a révélé chez le chêne une forte remobilisation de l'amidon à partir des cernes les plus récents au printemps pour fournir le carbone nécessaire pour la croissance du bois initial du nouveau cerne qui est concomitante à l'expansion foliaire. Chez le hêtre, la croissance printanière ne semble pas dépendante des réserves C du tronc. Chez les deux espèces, deux polypeptides de 13 et de 26 kDa s'accumulent avec la sénescence foliaire en automne, sont très abondants en période hivernale froide et sont remobilisés avec le débourrement au printemps. Cette cinétique saisonnière leur confère un rôle dans le stockage de l'azote (protéines végétatives de réserve, VSP), mais n'exclut pas un rôle dans la tolérance au froid. Chez le chêne sessile, l'étude de la source d'azote pour la croissance des feuilles et des pousses par marquage isotopique au 15N a montré que les réserves N contribuent jusqu'à 90% de l'azote total des nouveaux organes aux premiers stades de développement. La contribution de l'azote nouvellement assimilé ne devient significative que quand le débourrement est achevé. L'étude de la répartition et des quantités des composés C et N non-structuraux à l'échelle de l'arbre a été réalisée par un échantillonnage destructif d'arbres des deux espèces en hiver (Janvier) et à l'étalement complet des feuilles (Juin). Cette étude a montré i) une distribution des concentrations entre organes dépendante de leur fonction physiologique, de l'anatomie du bois et de la distance aux organes puits, ii) l'importance du tronc et des racines dans le stockage des réserves en hiver, iii) l'importance des quantités d'azote non-structural des feuilles et des pousses malgré leur faible biomasse, iv) des quantités de C et N non-structuraux plus importants chez le chêne par rapport au hêtre, pouvant refléter des besoins contrastés pour la croissance et l'entretien des tissus en hiverSessile oak and beech are two deciduous temperate broadleaved species, characterized by contrasted foliar and cambial phenologies. In order to progress in our understanding of reserves management in these species, we studied the seasonal dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves in adult trees in their natural environment. For this purpose, we developed a multidisciplinary approach associating ecophysiology, biochemistry and isotopy. The monthly monitoring of seasonal variation in C and N reserves in the stem sapwood showed a strong remobilization of starch from the most recent rings of oak in the spring in order to supply the necessary C for early wood growth that is concomitant to leaf expansion in this species. For beech, spring growth seemed to be less dependant on C stored within the stem sapwood. In both species, 2 polypeptides of 13 and 26 kDa accumulated with leaf senescence in the autumn and were highly abundant during the dormant period then they were remobilized with bud burst in the spring. This seasonal variation supports their role in nitrogen storage as vegetative storage proteins (VSP) and does not exclude a role in cold hardiness too. In sessile oak, the in situ 15N labeling of soil N (newly absorbed N) during the bud burst in the spring showed that N reserves accounted for 90% of total N of the new organs (leaves and twigs) at the first stages of growth. The contribution of newly assimilated N became more important when bud burst was achieved. The distribution patterns of non-structural C and N concentrations and amounts at the tree level was realized by an exhaustive sampling of trees from both species in the winter (January) and at full leaf expansion (June). This study showed i) that the distribution of concentrations among tree organs was dependant of the physiological function, wood anatomy and proximity to sink organs, ii) the importance of stem sapwood and coarse roots in reserves storage during the winter, iii) the importance of non-structural nitrogen amounts in leaves and twigs despite their low biomass, iv) higher amounts of non-structural C and N compounds in oak compared to beech, that reflects contrasted needs for spring growth and tissue maintenance during the winter dormanc

Dynamiques saisonnières des réserves carbonées et azotées chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) adultes

Le chêne sessile et le hêtre sont deux espèces feuillues décidues tempérées, caractérisées par des phénologies foliaires et cambiales contrastées. Afin de progresser dans la compréhension de la gestion des réserves qui sont des composantes importantes des cycles internes du carbone et de l'azote, nous avons étudié la dynamique saisonnière des réserves carbonées (C) et azotées (N) chez des arbres adultes des deux espèces dans leur environnement naturel. Afin de répondre à nos objectifs, nous avons développé une approche pluridisciplinaire associant écophysiologie, biochimie et isotopie. Le suivi mensuel des variations saisonnières des réserves C et N dans le tronc a révélé chez le chêne une forte remobilisation de l'amidon à partir des cernes les plus récents au printemps pour fournir le carbone nécessaire pour la croissance du bois initial du nouveau cerne qui est concomitante à l'expansion foliaire. Chez le hêtre, la croissance printanière ne semble pas dépendante des réserves C du tronc. Chez les deux espèces, deux polypeptides de 13 et de 26 kDa s'accumulent avec la sénescence foliaire en automne, sont très abondants en période hivernale froide et sont remobilisés avec le débourrement au printemps. Cette cinétique saisonnière leur confère un rôle dans le stockage de l'azote (protéines végétatives de réserve, VSP), mais n'exclut pas un rôle dans la tolérance au froid. Chez le chêne sessile, l'étude de la source d'azote pour la croissance des feuilles et des pousses par marquage isotopique au 15N a montré que les réserves N contribuent jusqu'à 90% de l'azote total des nouveaux organes aux premiers stades de développement. La contribution de l'azote nouvellement assimilé ne devient significative que quand le débourrement est achevé. L'étude de la répartition et des quantités des composés C et N non-structuraux à l'échelle de l'arbre a été réalisée par un échantillonnage destructif d'arbres des deux espèces en hiver (Janvier) et à l'étalement complet des feuilles (Juin). Cette étude a montré i) une distribution des concentrations entre organes dépendante de leur fonction physiologique, de l'anatomie du bois et de la distance aux organes puits, ii) l'importance du tronc et des racines dans le stockage des réserves en hiver, iii) l'importance des quantités d'azote non-structural des feuilles et des pousses malgré leur faible biomasse, iv) des quantités de C et N non-structuraux plus importants chez le chêne par rapport au hêtre, pouvant refléter des besoins contrastés pour la croissance et l'entretien des tissus en hiverSessile oak and beech are two deciduous temperate broadleaved species, characterized by contrasted foliar and cambial phenologies. In order to progress in our understanding of reserves management in these species, we studied the seasonal dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves in adult trees in their natural environment. For this purpose, we developed a multidisciplinary approach associating ecophysiology, biochemistry and isotopy. The monthly monitoring of seasonal variation in C and N reserves in the stem sapwood showed a strong remobilization of starch from the most recent rings of oak in the spring in order to supply the necessary C for early wood growth that is concomitant to leaf expansion in this species. For beech, spring growth seemed to be less dependant on C stored within the stem sapwood. In both species, 2 polypeptides of 13 and 26 kDa accumulated with leaf senescence in the autumn and were highly abundant during the dormant period then they were remobilized with bud burst in the spring. This seasonal variation supports their role in nitrogen storage as vegetative storage proteins (VSP) and does not exclude a role in cold hardiness too. In sessile oak, the in situ 15N labeling of soil N (newly absorbed N) during the bud burst in the spring showed that N reserves accounted for 90% of total N of the new organs (leaves and twigs) at the first stages of growth. The contribution of newly assimilated N became more important when bud burst was achieved. The distribution patterns of non-structural C and N concentrations and amounts at the tree level was realized by an exhaustive sampling of trees from both species in the winter (January) and at full leaf expansion (June). This study showed i) that the distribution of concentrations among tree organs was dependant of the physiological function, wood anatomy and proximity to sink organs, ii) the importance of stem sapwood and coarse roots in reserves storage during the winter, iii) the importance of non-structural nitrogen amounts in leaves and twigs despite their low biomass, iv) higher amounts of non-structural C and N compounds in oak compared to beech, that reflects contrasted needs for spring growth and tissue maintenance during the winter dormancyNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

N source for spring branch growth in 50 year-old-oaks: a 15N labelling approach

International audienc

Nitrogen sources for current-year shoot growth in 50-year-old sessile oak trees: an in situ 15N labeling approach

International audienceWe used long-term in situ 15N labeling of the soil to investigate the contribution of the two main nitrogen (N) sources (N uptake versus N reserves) to sun shoot growth from bud burst to full leaf expansion in 50-year-old sessile oaks. Recovery of 15N by growing compartments (leaves, twigs and buds) and presence of 15N in phloem sap were checked weekly. During the first 2 weeks following bud burst, remobilized N contributed ~90% of total N in growing leaves and twigs. Nitrogen uptake from the soil started concomitantly with N remobilization but contributed only slightly to bud burst. However, the fraction of total N due to N uptake increased markedly once bud burst had occurred, reaching 27% in fully expanded leaves and 18% in developed twigs. In phloem sap, the 15N label appeared a few days after the beginning of labeling and increased until the end of bud burst, and then decreased at full leaf expansion in June. Of all the shoot compartments, leaves attracted most of the absorbed N, which accounted for 68% of new N in shoots, whereas twigs and new buds accounted for only 28 and 3%, respectively. New N allocated to leaves increased from unfolding to full expansion as total N concentration in the leaves decreased. Our results underline the crucial role played by stored N in rapid leaf growth and in the sustained growth of oak trees. Any factors that reduce N storage in autumn may therefore impair spring shoot growth

Seasonal changes of C and N non-structural compounds in the stem sapwood of adult sessile oak and beech trees

International audienceWe assessed the pools of non-structural nitrogen compounds (NSNC) through a year, thereby addressing the question of whether mature sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), which differ in wood anatomy and growth patterns, exhibit contrasting seasonal dynamics of NSNC pools as previously shown for non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools. Seasonal fluctuations of NSNC (amino acids and soluble proteins) and NSC (starch and soluble sugars) pools were analyzed in the inner and the outer stem sapwood. In oak, NSC showed marked seasonal variation within the stem sapwood (accumulation during winter and decrease during bud burst and early wood growth), whereas in beech seasonal fluctuations in NSC were of minor amplitude. Even if the distribution and intensity of the NSNC pools differed between the two species, NSNC of the stem sapwood did not show seasonal variation. The most ignificant change in NSNC pools was the seasonal fluctuation of protein composition. In both species, two polypeptides of 13 kDa (PP13) and 26 kDa (PP26) accumulated during the coldest period in parallel with starch to sugar conversion and disappeared with the onset of spring growth. The absence of seasonal changes in total soluble protein concentration suggests that the polypeptides are involved in the internal nitrogen (N) cycling of the stem rather than in N storage and remobilization to the other growing organs of the tree

Unlocking the Karyological and Cytogenetic Diversity of Iris from Lebanon: Oncocyclus Section Shows a Distinctive Profile and Relative Stasis during Its Continental Radiation.

Despite being an important target of conservation concern and horticultural interest, Lebanese irises yet have a confusing taxonomic history and species' delimitation is often considered problematic, more especially among royal irises (Iris section Oncocyclus). Indeed, these irises of exceptionally large and spectacular flowers have radiated across Caucasus and eastern Mediterranean giving rise to a number of strict endemic taxa, many of them being considered under threat. Whilst efforts have mostly focused on clarifying the evolutionary relationships in the group based on morphological and molecular data, karyological and cytogenetic characters have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we established for the first time the physical mapping of 35S rDNA loci and heterochromatin, and obtained karyo-morphological data for ten Lebanese Iris species belonging to four sections (Iris, Limniris, Oncocyclus and Scorpiris). Our results evidenced distinctive genomic profiles for each one of the sections, where Oncocyclus irises, while having the lowest chromosome numbers, exhibit both the highest number of 35S loci and CMA3+ sites. The continental radiation of royal irises has been accompanied by a relative karyological and cytogenetic stasis, even though some changes were observed regarding karyotype formula and asymmetry indexes. In addition to that, our results enabled taxonomic differentiation between I. germanica and I. mesopotamica-two taxa currently considered as synonyms-and highlighted the need for further studies on populations of I. persica and I. wallasiae in the Eastern Mediterranean Region