Transitory hybrid entrepreneurship: A path to full-time entrepreneurship

The economic success of a country is often correlated to its capacity to produce national champions capable of pulling up the entire economic fabric. For Bruyat (1993) and Fayolle (2004), "business creation has become the object of a social demand that comes from different actors: citizens, governments, different financial organizations, and business creators. Entrepreneurship is therefore a strategic lever for the economic development of a country. Bohas and al. (2018) explain that a new wave of entrepreneurs is emerging in Western countries, made up of full-time entrepreneurs, hybrid entrepreneurs and freelancers. These individuals, also called "hybrid entrepreneurs," have entrepreneurial activity, which is considered by (Viljamaa and Varamäki, 2017) to be at an early stage of the entrepreneurial process. Hybrid entrepreneurs may decide to leave their jobs to focus primarily on their entrepreneurial ventures "transitional hybrid entrepreneurs" or keep the status quo "persistent hybrid entrepreneurs". In this sense, Viljamaa and Varamäki (2015) and Thorgren and al. (2016) are the first to outline the contours of persistent hybrid entrepreneurship and add that transitional hybrid entrepreneurship as a pathway to full-time entrepreneurship has not been sufficiently studied in the literature. In our research, we are particularly interested in hybrid entrepreneurship. This form of entrepreneurship consists of two stages. The first is the transition from wage employment to hybrid entrepreneurship and the second is the choice between persistent and transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. Folta and al. (2010) state that it is generally considered a way to obtain additional income. In addition, it is a way to obtain non-monetary benefits such as autonomy and personal fulfillment, which may not be available in the main wage job. In addition, it provides a chance for individuals to experience self-employment and assess whether they can adapt to the full-time self-employment environment (Folta and al., 2010). In this way, individuals can reduce the costs of change and transition without having to leave salaried employment while starting small (Folta and al., 2010; Raffiee and Feng, 2014; Thorgren and al., 2014).  Therefore, we will take a close look at the second phase of hybrid entrepreneurship, specifically transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. We will try to demonstrate the main differences between persistent and transitory hybrid entrepreneurs; answering the following question: what are the explanatory factors of transitory hybrid entrepreneurship? To do this, we will rely on the theory of planned behavior developed by Ajzen (1991). We expect that entrepreneurial attitude and perceived behavioral control contribute more than subjective norms to the explanation of transitory hybrid entrepreneurship.   Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurship, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. JEL Classification: L26  Paper type: Theoretical Research The economic success of a country is often correlated to its capacity to produce national champions capable of pulling up the entire economic fabric. For Bruyat (1993) and Fayolle (2004), "business creation has become the object of a social demand that comes from different actors: citizens, governments, different financial organizations, and business creators. Entrepreneurship is therefore a strategic lever for the economic development of a country. Bohas and al. (2018) explain that a new wave of entrepreneurs is emerging in Western countries, made up of full-time entrepreneurs, hybrid entrepreneurs and freelancers. These individuals, also called "hybrid entrepreneurs," have entrepreneurial activity, which is considered by (Viljamaa and Varamäki, 2017) to be at an early stage of the entrepreneurial process. Hybrid entrepreneurs may decide to leave their jobs to focus primarily on their entrepreneurial ventures "transitional hybrid entrepreneurs" or keep the status quo "persistent hybrid entrepreneurs". In this sense, Viljamaa and Varamäki (2015) and Thorgren and al. (2016) are the first to outline the contours of persistent hybrid entrepreneurship and add that transitional hybrid entrepreneurship as a pathway to full-time entrepreneurship has not been sufficiently studied in the literature. In our research, we are particularly interested in hybrid entrepreneurship. This form of entrepreneurship consists of two stages. The first is the transition from wage employment to hybrid entrepreneurship and the second is the choice between persistent and transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. Folta and al. (2010) state that it is generally considered a way to obtain additional income. In addition, it is a way to obtain non-monetary benefits such as autonomy and personal fulfillment, which may not be available in the main wage job. In addition, it provides a chance for individuals to experience self-employment and assess whether they can adapt to the full-time self-employment environment (Folta and al., 2010). In this way, individuals can reduce the costs of change and transition without having to leave salaried employment while starting small (Folta and al., 2010; Raffiee and Feng, 2014; Thorgren and al., 2014).  Therefore, we will take a close look at the second phase of hybrid entrepreneurship, specifically transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. We will try to demonstrate the main differences between persistent and transitory hybrid entrepreneurs; answering the following question: what are the explanatory factors of transitory hybrid entrepreneurship? To do this, we will rely on the theory of planned behavior developed by Ajzen (1991). We expect that entrepreneurial attitude and perceived behavioral control contribute more than subjective norms to the explanation of transitory hybrid entrepreneurship.   Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurship, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), transitory hybrid entrepreneurship. JEL Classification: L26  Paper type: Theoretical Research&nbsp

Vitamin D Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Vitamin D and its active metabolites are important nutrients for human skeletal health. UV irradiation of skin converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3, which metabolized in the liver and kidneys into its active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Apart from its classical role in calcium and phosphate regulation, scientists have shown that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in almost all tissues of the body, hence it has numerous biological effects. These includes fetal and adult homeostatic functions in development and differentiation of metabolic, epidermal, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems of the body. Moreover, the expression of vitamin D receptor in the majority of immune cells and the ability of these cells to actively metabolize 25(OH)D3 into its active form 1,25(OH)2D3 reinforces the important role of vitamin D signaling in maintaining a healthy immune system. In addition, several studies have showed that vitamin D has important regulatory roles of mechanisms controlling proliferation, differentiation and growth. The administration of vitamin D analogues or the active metabolite of vitamin D activates apoptotic pathways, has antiproliferative effects and inhibits angiogenesis. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview on the effects of vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) in regulating inflammation, different cell death modalities and cancer. It also aims to investigate the possible therapeutic benefits of vitamin D and its analogues as anticancer agent

Theoretical Study on New Conjugated Compounds of Organic Solar Cell: DFT, TD-DFT and AMPS1D

Une série de nouveaux composés conjugués à faible bande interdite pour les cellules solaires à hétérojonction en vrac ont été étudiées par DFT et TD-DFT. Le programme AMPS-1D a été utilisé pour simuler les performances de nos composés. Ces composés conjugués portent l'unité donneuse triphénylamine, leur pont conjugué est à base de phénylènevinylène, et de différents systèmes π, 3, 4-éthylènedioxythiophène (EDOT), carbazole et thiophène. L'acide -cyanoacrylique a été utilisé comme groupe accepteur d'électrons. Les géométries optimisées calculées indiquent qu'elles ont toutes des structures coplanaires. Les niveaux HOMO (orbitale moléculaire la plus occupée), LUMO (orbite moléculaire inoccupée la plus basse), l'énergie de l'écart (EHOMO-ELUMO) et la longueur d'onde du spectre d'absorption (λmax), ainsi que plusieurs propriétés chimiques quantiques telles que la tension en circuit ouvert Voc, le potentiel d'ionisation ( IP), affinité électronique (EA), ont également été calculés et discutés en détail dans le document. La densité de courant de court-circuit (Jsc), le facteur de forme (FF), le rendement de conversion de puissance (η), la résistance série Rs et les résistances shunt Rsh ont été obtenus à l'aide de l'AMPS-1D. Toutes ces propriétés suggèrent que ces composés sont de bons candidats pour une utilisation dans les cellules solaires organiques. 

Metaphor in Generative Linguistics

يبحث هذا المقال في الأسس العميقة للتفكير الاستعاري في اللسانيات آخذين النظرية التوليدية نموذجا، فهل مارس التوليديون آلية الاستعارة في بناء نماذج صورية للغة؟ فإذا كان الأمر كذلك فما أطراف الاستعارة في النظرية التوليدية؟ وكيف تم توظيف الاستعارة في بناء المفاهيم الرئيسة في النظرية التوليدية؟ هذه الأسئلة وغيرها سنجيب عنها عبر الرجوع إلى الأصول الرياضية والفلسفية التي أطرت تفكير تشومسكي في المواضيع اللغوية، وقد توصلنا إلى كون معظم مفاهيم النظرية التوليدية أو على الأقل تلك التي تمثل نواة التفكير التوليدي قد تولدت من نوعين من القياسات الاستعارية: (1) قياس البنيات اللغوية على البنيات الحسابية و(2) قياس هندسة النحو على هندسة المنطق. ولّد القياس الأول مفاهيم جوهرية مثل مفهوم التوليد، التكرارية، الهرمية، النهايات المنفصلة...الخ، بينما جعل القياس الثاني من المقدرة اللغوية أشبه بآلة منطقية تولد العبارات اللغوية، فإذا كانت الصيرورة المنطق في الاستدلال تتكون من مرحلتين متمايزتين؛ مرحلة تولد الصيغ السليمة التركيب، ومرحلة أخرى تأويلية تعطي معنى لهذه الصيغ. فإن تشومسكي، قياسا على الصيرورة المنطقية، قسم المقدرة اللغوية إلى مرحلتين: مرحلة حاسوبية تدمج العناصر المعجمية مولدة بنيات لغوية، ومرحلة تأويلية تعطي معنى لهذه البنيات اللغوية ويحدث ذلك في الوجائه وهي عبارة عن أنساق ذات طبيعة تأويلية، وبذلك يسير اشتقاق الجملة الطبيعية على منوال اشتقاق الصيغ المنطقية في إطار نسق منطقي.Where generative concepts come from ? how is the generative grammar created metaphorically from the arithmetic reasoning , namely the recursive theory?  all those issues ,in this article, would be addressed from metaphor conceptual perspective which  is used to understand how linguistic concepts  are formed within generative framework, we focus on two metaphors; Word-as-Number and Grammar-as-Logical System. a number of concepts  had arisen in connection with the first metaphor , among them we can mention the following concepts; generative procedure, recursive rule, well-formed sentence, derivation, discrete infinity. the second metaphor creates what the generative linguistics call the architecture of grammar which is based on two pillars ; the combinatory device which merges the syntactic objects into larger object ,and the interfaces in which the meaning and phonetic of syntactic objects  were  processed, This grammatical architecture was borrowed from the logical process where  a logical formula is processed syntactically and semantically in two phases, the syntactic phase corresponds to combinatory  phase in the minimalist grammar, while the semantically phase corresponds to interfaces

A SIMPLE WAY TO MEASURE THE DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF A FLUID

In this paper, we measured the viscosity of different fluids, including edible oils and soaps, at a constant temperature, using two experimental methods. Namely, the falling ball and the oscillation of the mass-spring system inside a fluid. Three different masses were used to evaluate the viscosity obtained by the falling ball method. The results were very similar. More precision of the viscosity value is done using a calibration curve. The results are compared with those measured by the mass-spring system and they show good agreement. This simple way of viscosity measurement using mechanical physics concepts can be used for educational purposes such as the practical work of a bachelor