AVALIAÇÃO DIAGNÓSTICA E OS SABERES DA EXPERIÊNCIA NOS CURSOS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES

O ponto de partida deste estudo é o reconhecimento da avaliação diagnóstica comoelemento que colabora na identificação dos conhecimentos já consolidados pelosestudantes e, por consequência, nas tomadas de decisão que permeiam o planeja-mento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Quando tal questão se remete aosprofessores em processo de formação, o diagnóstico permite, ainda, o estabeleci-mento de um diálogo pedagógico entre os saberes da experiência e os demais sa-beres necessários à docência, em uma perspectiva de reflexão sobre a prática e defortalecimento da profissionalidade docente. O presente texto aborda uma investi-gação realizada junto a professores/alunos de um curso de especialização em en-sino da Matemática com o objetivo de identificar as concepções de avaliação pre-sentes neste grupo e sua relação com as práticas educativas desenvolvidas nocontexto da sala de aula. Metodologicamente, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativade pesquisa, tendo em vista a valorização dos sujeitos e seus universos de compre-ensão. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados o questionário se-miestruturado e o grupo focal. A fundamentação teórica contou com as contribui-ções de Hoffman (2003) e Luckesi (2002), dentre outros. Os resultados apontampara a apropriação teórica de concepções de avaliação que remetem às ideias deformação e emancipação, assim como para os desafios de materialização de taisconceitos no contexto das práticas avaliativas cotidianas.Palavras-chave: Avaliação. Avaliação diagnóstica. Formação de professores

The severity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in the United States, from April to July 2009: A Bayesian analysis

Background: Accurate measures of the severity of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza (pH1N1) are needed to assess the likely impact of an anticipated resurgence in the autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Severity has been difficult to measure because jurisdictions with large numbers of deaths and other severe outcomes have had too many cases to assess the total number with confidence. Also, detection of severe cases may be more likely, resulting in overestimation of the severity of an average case. We sought to estimate the probabilities that symptomatic infection would lead to hospitalization, ICU admission, and death by combining data from multiple sources. Methods and Findings: We used complementary data from two US cities: Milwaukee attempted to identify cases of medically attended infection whether or not they required hospitalization, while New York City focused on the identification of hospitalizations, intensive care admission or mechanical ventilation (hereafter, ICU), and deaths. New York data were used to estimate numerators for ICU and death, and two sources of data - medically attended cases in Milwaukee or self-reported influenza-like illness (ILI) in New York - were used to estimate ratios of symptomatic cases to hospitalizations. Combining these data with estimates of the fraction detected for each level of severity, we estimated the proportion of symptomatic patients who died (symptomatic case-fatality ratio, sCFR), required ICU (sCIR), and required hospitalization (sCHR), overall and by age category. Evidence, prior information, and associated uncertainty were analyzed in a Bayesian evidence synthesis framework. Using medically attended cases and estimates of the proportion of symptomatic cases medically attended, we estimated an sCFR of 0.048% (95% credible interval [CI] 0.026%-0.096%), sCIR of 0.239% (0.134%-0.458%), and sCHR of 1.44% (0.83%-2.64%). Using self-reported ILI, we obtained estimates approximately 7-96lower. sCFR and sCIR appear to be highest in persons aged 18 y and older, and lowest in children aged 5-17 y. sCHR appears to be lowest in persons aged 5-17; our data were too sparse to allow us to determine the group in which it was the highest. Conclusions: These estimates suggest that an autumn-winter pandemic wave of pH1N1 with comparable severity per case could lead to a number of deaths in the range from considerably below that associated with seasonal influenza to slightly higher, but with the greatest impact in children aged 0-4 and adults 18-64. These estimates of impact depend on assumptions about total incidence of infection and would be larger if incidence of symptomatic infection were higher or shifted toward adults, if viral virulence increased, or if suboptimal treatment resulted from stress on the health care system; numbers would decrease if the total proportion of the population symptomatically infected were lower than assumed.published_or_final_versio

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Aptidão agrícola das terras através de Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Folha SB.24-X-A-I-4 - Barreira

Based on a soil inventory obtained through a soil survey in a semidetailed-reconnaissance level, this study was developed. The objective was to evaluate the agricultural suitability of lands in an area of the State of Ceara (BAR­REIRA - Code SA.24-X-A-I-4), which is located between parallels 4°15' and 4°30'S and meridians 38°30' and 38°45'W Gr., occupying approximately 68.561 ha. An adaptation (level B) of the methodology described in "Sistema de Avaliação da Aptidão Agrícola das Terras" by RAMALHO FILHO et al. was used. For the storage and analysis of geocoded data, a computer-based Geographic Information System (SGI-INPE), developed at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, was applied. Through the digitization and superposition (crossing) of those data, a land suitability was obtained. This showed that 32.327 ha of the area was apropriate for crops, 31.088 ha for pastures, 5.081 ha for forestry and 155 ha had no agricultural potential. As a developing methodology, the satisfactory results obtained indicated promising possibilities to optimize process of automizing the agricultural suitability evaluation system.Pages: 132-13

Mapeamento, levantamento e caracterização de áreas potenciais para a implantação de projetos de carcinicultura no norte e nordeste do Brasil - parte I camarão marinho

Pages: 287-29

Self-reported race and ethnicity of US biobank participants compared to the US Census

Precision medicine envisions a future of effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention grounded in precise understandings of the genetic and environmental determinants of disease. Given that the original genome-wide association studies represented a predominately European White population, and that diversity in genomic studies must account for genetic variation both within and across racial categories, new research studies are at a heightened risk for inadequate representation. Currently biological samples are being made available for sequencing in biobanks across the USA, but the diversity of those samples is unknown. The aims of this study were to describe the types of recruitment and enrollment materials used by US biobanks and the diversity of the samples contained within their collection. Biobank websites and brochures were evaluated for reading level, health literacy, and factors known to encourage the recruitment of minorities, such as showing pictures of diverse populations. Biobank managers were surveyed by mail on the methods and materials used for enrollment, recruitment, consent, and the self-reported race/ethnicity of biobank participants. From 51 US biobanks (68% response rate), recruitment and enrollment materials were in English only, and most of the websites and brochures exceeded a fifth-grade reading level. When compared to the 2015 US Census, self-reported race/ethnicity of participants was not significantly different for Whites (61%) and blacks (13%). The percentages were significantly lower for Hispanics and Latinos (18 vs. 7%, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.00) and Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (0.2 vs. 0.01%; p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.01) and higher for Asians (13 vs. 5%, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.01). Materials for recruitment predominantly in English may limit participation by underrepresented populations