The inositol Inpp5k 5-phosphatase affects osmoregulation through the vasopressin-aquaporin 2 pathway in the collecting system

Inositol Inpp5k (or Pps, SKIP) is a member of the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases family with a poorly characterized function in vivo. In this study, we explored the function of this inositol 5-phosphatase in mice and cells overexpressing the 42-kDa mouse Inpp5k protein. Inpp5k transgenic mice present defects in water metabolism characterized by a reduced plasma osmolality at baseline, a delayed urinary water excretion following a water load, and an increased acute response to vasopressin. These defects are associated with the expression of the Inpp5k transgene in renal collecting ducts and with alterations in the arginine vasopressin/aquaporin-2 signalling pathway in this tubular segment. Analysis in a mouse collecting duct mCCD cell line revealed that Inpp5k overexpression leads to increased expression of the arginine vasopressin receptor type 2 and increased cAMP response to arginine vasopressin, providing a basis for increased aquaporin-2 expression and plasma membrane localization with increased osmotically induced water transport. Altogether, our results indicate that Inpp5k 5-phosphatase is important for the control of the arginine vasopressin/aquaporin-2 signalling pathway and water transport in kidney collecting duct

Etude in vivo du rôle de la 5-phosphatase de phosphoinositides SKIP

Les membres de la famille des 5-phosphatases d’inositols polyphosphates et de phosphoinositides sont des enzymes caractérisées par la présence de deux domaines catalytiques conservés qui hydrolysent un phosphate en position 5 sur un noyau inositol. SKIP (Skeletal Muscle and Kidney enriched Inositol Phosphatase), également appelée Pps (Putative PI 5-phosphatase) est un des derniers membres de la famille des 5-phosphatases à avoir été découvert à ce jour. Cette enzyme hydrolyse majoritairement le phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) et le phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3). Les phosphoinositides (PtdIns) représentent environ 10% des lipides membranaires et sont impliqués dans de nombreuses cascades de signalisation cellulaire conduisant, entre autres, à la prolifération, l’apoptose, la différenciation, la sécrétion, le trafic vésiculaire et la mobilité cellulaire.Des études de surexpression de SKIP en cellules tendent à montrer que cette protéine pourrait jouer un rôle de régulateur négatif dans la formation du cytosquelette d’actine et/ou dans la voie de signalisation de l’insuline. Afin d’étudier in vivo la fonction de la protéine SKIP chez la souris, nous avons décidé de générer des souris transgéniques surexprimant cette protéine de manière conditionnelle. Dans ce but, nous avons infecté des embryons murins par des lentivirus porteurs d’un transgène SKIP et avons obtenu, après réimplantation des embryons infectés dans des femelles pseudogestantes, deux lignées de souris transgéniques. Celles-ci ont ensuite été croisées avec des souris exprimant la recombinase Cre de manière ubiquitaire afin de pouvoir activer la transcription de SKIP dans l’ensemble des organes. Des expériences de Western blot, de dosage d’activité 5-phosphatase ainsi que des PCR en temps réel sont venus confirmer la présence de la protéine transgénique et de son activité catalytique.L’ensemble des expériences qui ont été menées du point de vue phénotypique tend à montrer que dans notre modèle, la surexpression de SKIP ne provoque aucune anomalie évidente du point de vue anatomique, glycémique ou immunologique. Toutefois, des expériences concernant la physiologie rénale ont été réalisées sur base des résultats d’immunohistochimie et nous ont permis de détecter une anomalie dans les mécanismes de réabsorption d’eau ainsi que dans l’expression et la phosphorylation des canaux hydriques AQP2.Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Developmental defects and rescue from glucose intolerance of a catalytically-inactive novel Ship2 mutant mouse.

The function of the phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase Ship2 was investigated in a new mouse model expressing a germline catalytically-inactive Ship2(∆/∆) mutant protein. Ship2(∆/∆) mice were viable with defects in somatic growth and in development of muscle, adipose tissue and female genital tract. Lipid metabolism and insulin secretion were also affected in these mice, but glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and insulin-induced PKB phosphorylation were not. We expected that the expression of the catalytically inactive Ship2 protein in PI 3'-kinase-defective p110α(D933A/+) mice would counterbalance the phenotypes of parental mice by restoring normal PKB signaling but, for most of the parameters tested, this was not the case. Indeed, often, the Ship2(∆/∆) phenotype had a dominant effect over the p110α(D933A/+) phenotype and, sometimes, there was a surprising additive effect of both mutations. p110α(D933A/+)Ship2(∆/∆) mice still displayed a reduced PKB phosphorylation in response to insulin, compared to wild type mice yet had a normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, like the Ship2(∆/∆) mice. Together, our results suggest that the Ship2(∆/∆) phenotype is not dependent on an overstimulated class I PI 3-kinase-PKB signaling pathway and thus, indirectly, that it may be more dependent on the lack of Ship2-produced phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and derived phosphoinositides.JOURNAL ARTICLESCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Variegation and silencing in a lentiviral-based murine transgenic model.

Lentiviral based constructs represent a recent development in the generation of transgenic animals. The ease of use, and the fact that the same backbone vectors can be used to down-modulate endogenous gene expression and to produce transgenic animals overexpressing a gene of interest, have fuelled growing interest in this technology. In this study, we have used a lentiviral delivery system to generate transgenic mice expressing altered levels (up or downregulated) of a gene of interest. Although this lentiviral-based approach led to high levels of transgenesis and germ line transmission, a wide variation in transgene expression was observed in most first and second generation mouse lines. In particular, despite the segregation of integrants into single-copy expressing mouse lines, transgene expression appeared to be the target of epigenetic regulatory mechanism, often causing the coexistence of high and low transgene expressing cells within a given tissue such as blood peripheral lymphocytes. The establishment and analysis of large number of mouse lines may therefore be required to select a stable transgenic line with pancellular expression of a gene of interest using this lentiviral-based approach.JOURNAL ARTICLESCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

EPI-CT: in vitro assessment of the applicability of the γ-H2AX-foci assay as cellular biomarker for exposure in a multicentre study of children in diagnostic radiology

Purpose : To conduct a feasibility study on the application of the gamma-H2AX foci assay as an exposure biomarker in a prospective multicentre paediatric radiology setting. Materials and methods : A set of in vitro experiments was performed to evaluate technical hurdles related to biological sample collection in a paediatric radiology setting (small blood sample volume), processing and storing of blood samples (effect of storing blood at 4 degrees C), the reliability of foci scoring for low-doses (merge gamma-H2AX/53BP1 scoring), as well as the impact of contrast agent administration as potential confounding factor. Given the exploratory nature of this study and the ethical constraints related to paediatric blood sampling, blood samples from adult volunteers were used for these experiments. In order to test the feasibility of pooling the gamma-H2AX data when different centres are involved in an international multicentre study, two intercomparison studies in the low-dose range (10-500 mGy) were performed. Results : Determination of the number of X-ray induced gamma-H2AX foci is feasible with one 2 ml blood sample pre- and post-computed tomography (CT) scan. Lymphocyte isolation and fixation on slides is necessary within 5 h of blood sampling to guarantee reliable results. The possible enhancement effect of contrast medium on the induction of DNA DSB in a patient study can be ruled out if radiation doses and the contrast agent concentration are within diagnostic ranges. The intercomparison studies using in vitro irradiated blood samples showed that the participating laboratories, executing successfully the gamma-H2AX foci assay in lymphocytes, were able to rank blind samples in order of lowest to highest radiation dose based on mean foci/cell counts. The dose response of all intercomparison data shows that a dose point of 10 mGy could be distinguished from the sham-irradiated control (p = 0.006). Conclusions : The results demonstrate that it is feasible to apply the gamma-H2AX foci assay as a cellular biomarker of exposure in a multicentre prospective study in paediatric CT imaging after validating it in an in vivo international pilot study on paediatric patients

The first in vivo multiparametric comparison of different radiation exposure biomarkers in human blood.

The increasing risk of acute large-scale radiological/nuclear exposures of population underlines the necessity of developing new, rapid and high throughput biodosimetric tools for estimation of received dose and initial triage. We aimed to compare the induction and persistence of different radiation exposure biomarkers in human peripheral blood in vivo. Blood samples of patients with indicated radiotherapy (RT) undergoing partial body irradiation (PBI) were obtained soon before the first treatment and then after 24 h, 48 h, and 5 weeks; i.e. after 1, 2, and 25 fractionated RT procedures. We collected circulating peripheral blood from ten patients with tumor of endometrium (1.8 Gy per fraction) and eight patients with tumor of head and neck (2.0-2.121 Gy per fraction). Incidence of dicentrics and micronuclei was monitored as well as determination of apoptosis and the transcription level of selected radiation-responsive genes. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been reported to be a potential indicator of radiation damage in vitro, we also assessed mtDNA content and deletions by novel multiplex quantitative PCR. Cytogenetic data confirmed linear dose-dependent increase in dicentrics (p < 0.01) and micronuclei (p < 0.001) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after PBI. Significant up-regulations of five previously identified transcriptional biomarkers of radiation exposure (PHPT1, CCNG1, CDKN1A, GADD45, and SESN1) were also found (p < 0.01). No statistical change in mtDNA deletion levels was detected; however, our data indicate that the total mtDNA content decreased with increasing number of RT fractions. Interestingly, the number of micronuclei appears to correlate with late radiation toxicity (r2 = 0.9025) in endometrial patients suggesting the possibility of predicting the severity of RT-related toxicity by monitoring this parameter. Overall, these data represent, to our best knowledge, the first study providing a multiparametric comparison of radiation biomarkers in human blood in vivo, which have potential for improving biological dosimetry

Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update

Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.Research in many of the authors’ laboratories has in-part been supported by the EU FP7 (Grant Number 249689) for the Network of Excellence DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration

Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update

Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.Research in many of the authors’ laboratories has in-part been supported by the EU FP7 (Grant Number 249689) for the Network of Excellence DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration