Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Residential Power Backup Gasoline Generators in Nigeria

This study involves life cycle cost analysis of portable gasoline generator brands mostly used for home power back up in Nigeria to guide the citizens’ choice during acquisition. A total of two thousand six hundred and twentyelectric power generating sets sampled from seventeen cities in Nigeria were evaluated by direct  observation/descriptive experimental design. The evaluation parameters include initial or procurement, operation and maintenance costs, fuel consumption rate, operation period and residual value. Results showed Tiger, Sumec, Elemax, Elepaq and Jinjing as the most patronized brands of portable gasoline generators for home power back up in Nigeria major cities while 0.8 and 2.2KVA constitute the most used power ratings of the generators. Also 0.8KVA Sumec and 2.2KVA Elemax were revealed as most cost effective due to their comparative low life cycle cost of N26, 810 and N39,820 respectively.Keywords: Gasoline generator, life cycle cost, power back up, power outag

IL-12p35 Inhibits Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

The authors thank Rafael Villasmil (NEI FLOW Cytometry Core facility) and Dr. Venkat Mohanram (Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH) for assistance with FACS analysis. NIH/NEI Intramural grant ZIA EY000262-21 (CE) and NIH/NEI Intramural grant ZIA EY000184-34 (RC) provided funding for this Research. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01258/full#supplementary-material.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

STAT3 regulates proliferation and survival of CD8+ T cells : enhances effector responses to HSV-1 infection, and inhibits IL-10+ regulatory CD8+ T cells in autoimmune uveitis

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Interleukin 27 induces the expression of complement factor H (CFH) in the retina

Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Li Zhang (NEI, National Institutes of Health) for critical reading of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Therapeutic Targeting of STAT3 (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3) Pathway Inhibits Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis

Mice with targeted deletion of STAT3 in CD4+ T-cells do not develop experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in part, because they cannot generate pathogenic Th17 cells. In this study, we have used ORLL-NIH001, a small synthetic compound that inhibits transcriptional activity of STAT3, to ameliorate EAU, an animal model of human posterior uveitis. We show that by attenuating inflammatory properties of uveitogenic lymphocytes, ORLL-NIH001 inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the retina during EAU and prevented the massive destruction of the neuroretina caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the autoreactive lymphocytes. Decrease in disease severity observed in ORLL-NIH001-treated mice, correlated with the down-regulation of α4β1 and α4β7 integrin activation and marked reduction of CCR6 and CXCR3 expression, providing a mechanism by which ORLL-NIH001 mitigated EAU. Furthermore, we show that ORLL-NIH001 inhibited the expansion of human Th17 cells, underscoring its potential as a drug for the treatment of human uveitis. Two synthetic molecules that target the Th17 lineage transcription factors, RORγt and RORα, have recently been suggested as potential drugs for inhibiting Th17 development and treating CNS inflammatory diseases. However, inhibiting STAT3 pathways completely blocks Th17 development, as well as, prevents trafficking of inflammatory cells into CNS tissues, making STAT3 a more attractive therapeutic target. Thus, use of ORLL-NIH001 to target the STAT3 transcription factor, thereby antagonizing Th17 expansion and expression of proteins that mediate T cell chemotaxis, provides an attractive new therapeutic approach for treatment of posterior uveitis and other CNS autoimmune diseases mediated by Th17 cells

Activation of STAT signaling pathways and induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins in mammalian lens by growth factors

PURPOSE. This study was conducted to examine whether the effects of growth factors are mediated in the lens by Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/ STAT) pathways and whether they induce expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), a novel family of feedback regulators of cytokine and growth factor activities. METHODS. STAT activation and SOCS expression were analyzed in transgenic or wild-type mouse lens and lens epithelial cells stimulated with growth factors by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Northern, Western, proliferation, or transient reporter assays. RESULTS. STATs were constitutively expressed at low levels and activated by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-aa, and FGF-1 or -2 in the lens. The Intensity of STAT signaling increased at high FGF-2 concentration and FGFs act in synergy with IGF-1 or PDGFaa to enhance STAT signaling and SOCS expression. Growth factor-induced proliferation of lens cells is inhibited by AG-490, a specific inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3. CONCLUSIONS. This is the first report that FGFs activate STAT pathways in the lens and that SOCS proteins are constitutively expressed and upregulated by growth factors in this tissue. Physiological relevance of STAT pathways in the lens is underscored by inhibition of lens cell proliferation by inhibitors of JAK/STAT pathways and by the aberrant proliferation of lens epithelium in the posterior pole of transgenic mice with constitutively activated STAT1 in the lens. Common activation of STAT pathways by FGF-1, FGF-2, IGF-1, or PDGFaa and their synergistic activation of STATs and SOCS in lens cells suggest that activities and crosstalk between these factors are sensitive to the steady state levels of activated STATs in the lens and may be under feedback regulation by SOCS family proteins. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

IL-27-containing exosomes secreted by innate B-1a cells suppress and ameliorate uveitis

IntroductionIL-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of Ebi3 and IL-27p28 and can exert proinflammatory or immune suppressive effects depending on the physiological context. Ebi3 does not contain membrane-anchoring motifs, suggesting that it is a secreted protein while IL-27p28 is poorly secreted. How IL-27p28 and Ebi3 dimerize in-vivo to form biologically active IL-27 is unknown. Major impediment to clinical use of IL-27 derives from difficulty of determining exact amount of bioavailable heterodimeric IL-27 needed for therapy.MethodsTo understand how IL-27 mediates immune suppression, we characterized an innate IL-27-producing B-1a regulatory B cell population (i27-Breg) and mechanisms i27-Bregs utilize to suppress neuroinflammation in mouse model of uveitis. We also investigated biosynthesis of IL-27 and i27-Breg immunobiology by FACS, immunohistochemical and confocal microscopy.ResultsContrary to prevailing view that IL-27 is a soluble cytokine, we show that i27-Bregs express membrane-bound IL-27. Immunohistochemical and confocal analyses co-localized expression of IL-27p28 at the plasma membrane in association with CD81 tetraspanin, a BCR-coreceptor protein and revealed that IL-27p28 is a transmembrane protein in B cells. Most surprising, we found that i27-Bregs secrete IL-27-containing exosomes (i27-exosomes) and adoptive transfer of i27-exosomes suppressed uveitis by antagonizing Th1/Th17 cells, up-regulating inhibitory-receptors associated with T-cell exhaustion while inducing Treg expansion.DiscussionUse of i27-exosomes thus obviates the IL-27 dosing problem, making it possible to determine bioavailable heterodimeric IL-27 needed for therapy. Moreover, as exosomes readily cross the blood-retina-barrier and no adverse effects were observed in mice treated with i27-exosome, results of this study suggest that i27-exosomes might be a promising therapeutic approach for CNS autoimmune diseases

IL-12p35 induces expansion of IL-10 and IL-35-expressing regulatory B cells and ameliorates autoimmune disease

We thank Dr. Haohua Qian and Yichao Li (Visual function core, NEI, NIH) for technical assistance with OCT; Phyllis Silver (NEI, NIH) for EAU scoring of the eyes; Rashid Mahdi. M.J.M. for technical assistance with western blot analyses and Rafael Villasmil (NEI FLOW Cytometry Core facility) for assistance with FACS analysis.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The lineage-defining factors T-bet and Bcl-6 collaborate to regulate Th1 gene expression patterns

T-bet acts as a functional repressor in association with Bcl-6 to antagonize SOCS1, SOCS3, TCF-1, and late-stage IFN-γ to regulate Th1 development