Implementation of the Rural Development Programme of the Czech Republic

Import 05/08/2014Politika rozvoje venkova prostřednictvím Evropského zemědělského fondu rozvoje venkova přispívá ke zvyšování konkurenceschopnosti venkovského prostoru a atraktivity venkovských oblastí EU. Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou implementace Programu rozvoje venkova v ČR v programovacím období 2007–2013. Cílem práce je zhodnotit realizaci Programu rozvoje venkova v letech 2007–2013 na základě analýzy finančního a věcného pokroku. Z výsledků analýzy vyplývá, že k 31. 1. 2014 bylo vyčerpáno 81 % finanční alokace na Program a 92 % bylo smluvně potvrzeno příjemcům dotací. V letech 2007–2012 se realizovalo celkem 21 335 projektů v celkové hodnotě 1 032 710 tis. EUR v rámci projektových opatření, zejména v oblasti modernizace zemědělských podniků a obnovy vesnic a v případě nárokových opatření bylo podpořeno celkem 101 866 zemědělských subjektů. Značný pokrok byl zaznamenán k 31. 8. 2013, kdy bylo v rámci projektových opatření realizováno celkem 31 272 (1 579 mil. EUR) projektů a v rámci nárokových opatření bylo podpořeno 178 700 zemědělských podniků (1 631,8 mil. EUR).The Rural Development Policy through the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development contributes to the growth of rural areas competitiveness and atractiveness of the EU countries. The diploma thesis deals with a problem of the implementation of Rural Development Programme for Czech Republic in the period 2007 to 2013. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the realization of the Programme using the analysis of the financial and factual progress in years 2007–2013. The analysis shows that 81 % of the financial allocation was withdrawn by 31st January 2014 and 92 % was agreeted to be given to the recievers of the dotation. In the years 2007–2012 overall 21 335 projects were realized in amount of 1 032 710 thousand Euros in total. All together 101 866 agricultural subjects were supported within the project arrangements, especially those in the sphere of the modernization of the agricultural companies, revitalization of villages and claimed arrangements. Considerable progress was visible by 31st of August 2013, when 31 272 (1 579 ml. Euros) projects were realized within of the project arrangements and 178 700 agricultural subjects (1 631, 8 ml. Euros) were supported in the claimed arrangements.120 - Katedra evropské integracevýborn

Flexible timing by temporal scaling of cortical responses

Musicians can perform at different tempos, speakers can control the cadence of their speech, and children can flexibly vary their temporal expectations of events. To understand the neural basis of such flexibility, we recorded from the medial frontal cortex of nonhuman primates trained to produce different time intervals with different effectors. Neural responses were heterogeneous, nonlinear, and complex, and they exhibited a remarkable form of temporal invariance: firing rate profiles were temporally scaled to match the produced intervals. Recording from downstream neurons in the caudate and from thalamic neurons projecting to the medial frontal cortex indicated that this phenomenon originates within cortical networks. Recurrent neural network models trained to perform the task revealed that temporal scaling emerges from nonlinearities in the network and that the degree of scaling is controlled by the strength of external input. These findings demonstrate a simple and general mechanism for conferring temporal flexibility upon sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Data from: The decay of motor adaptation to novel movement dynamics reveals an asymmetry in the stability of motion state-dependent learning

Motor adaptation paradigms provide a quantitative method to study short-term modification of motor commands. Despite the growing understanding of the role motion states (e.g., velocity) play in this form of motor learning, there is little information on the relative stability of memories based on these movement characteristics, especially in comparison to the initial adaptation. Here, we trained subjects to make reaching movements perturbed by force patterns dependent upon either limb position or velocity. Following training, subjects were exposed to a series of error-clamp trials to measure the temporal characteristics of the feedforward motor output during the decay of learning. The compensatory force patterns were largely based on the perturbation kinematic (e.g., velocity), but also showed a small contribution from the other motion kinematic (e.g., position). However, the velocity contribution in response to the position-based perturbation decayed at a slower rate than the position contribution to velocity-based training, suggesting a difference in stability. Next, we modified a previous model of motor adaptation to reflect this difference and simulated the behavior for different learning goals. We were interested in the stability of learning when the perturbations were based on different combinations of limb position or velocity that subsequently resulted in biased amounts of motion-based learning. We trained additional subjects on these combined motion-state perturbations and confirmed the predictions of the model. Specifically, we show that (1) there is a significant separation between the observed gain-space trajectories for the learning and decay of adaptation and (2) for combined motion-state perturbations, the gain associated to changes in limb position decayed at a faster rate than the velocity-dependent gain, even when the position-dependent gain at the end of training was significantly greater. Collectively, these results suggest that the state-dependent adaptation associated with movement velocity is relatively more stable than that based on position

Very High Dose Epinephrine for the Treatment of Vasoplegic Syndrome during Liver Transplantation

AbstractA 55-year-old man with hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma was treated with liver transplantation without veno-venous bypass. During the procedure his arterial blood pressure remained at 55/30 mm Hg and did not respond to increasing doses of norepinephrine. Vasoplegia was managed aggressively with the intravenous infusion of high doses of epinephrine

The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing

The neuroscience of perception has recently been revolutionized with an integrative modeling approach in which computation, brain function, and behavior are linked across many datasets and many computational models. By revealing trends across models, this approach yields novel insights into cognitive and neural mechanisms in the target domain. We here present a systematic study taking this approach to higher-level cognition: human language processing, our species’ signature cognitive skill. We find that the most powerful “transformer” models predict nearly 100% of explainable variance in neural responses to sentences and generalize across different datasets and imaging modalities (functional MRI and electrocorticography). Models’ neural fits (“brain score”) and fits to behavioral responses are both strongly correlated with model accuracy on the next-word prediction task (but not other language tasks). Model architecture appears to substantially contribute to neural fit. These results provide computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the human brain.</jats:p

An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has been mixed. To make evidence-based decisions in primate optogenetics, the scientific community would benefit from a centralized database listing all attempts, successful and unsuccessful, of using optogenetics in the primate brain. We contacted members of the community to ask for their contributions to an open science initiative. As of this writing, 45 laboratories around the world contributed more than 1,000 injection experiments, including precise details regarding their methods and outcomes. Of those entries, more than half had not been published. The resource is free for everyone to consult and contribute to on the Open Science Framework website. Here we review some of the insights from this initial release of the database and discuss methodological considerations to improve the success of optogenetic experiments in NHPs