COVID-19 Infection among Nursing Students in Spain: The Risk Perception, Perceived Risk Factors, Coping Style, Preventive Knowledge of the Disease and Sense of Coherence as Psychological Predictor Variables: A Cross Sectional Survey

The exploration of patterns of health beliefs about COVID-19 among nursing students may be beneficial to identify behaviors, attitudes and knowledge about contagion risk. We sought to analyze the variables of risk perception, perceived risk factors, coping style, sense of coherence and knowledge of preventive measures as possible predictors of having suffered from COVID-19. Participants were nursing students from 13 universities in Spain. Sociodemographic and health variables were collected. To test the independent variables, the Perception Risk Coping Knowledge (PRCK-COVID-19) scale was created and validated because there was no specific survey for young people adapted to the pandemic situation of COVID-19. It was validated with adequate psychometric properties. A total of 1562 students (87.5% female, mean age 21.5 ± 5.7 years) responded. The high perception of the risk of contagion, the high level of knowledge and a coping style focused on the situation were notable. Significant differences by gender were found in the coping styles, problem-focused, avoidance and knowledge scales, with women scoring higher in all categories. The multiple regression analysis was significant (F = 3.68; p < 0.001). The predictor variables were the coping styles subscale search for support and the intrinsic and extrinsic perceived risk factors. Our model predicts that nursing students with a social support-based coping style are at a higher risk of becoming infected with COVID-19, based on their own health belief model.Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to all participating institutions and students

Design of the EBE-ST questionnaire among nursing students: mnulticenter study from eight universities in Spain

Background: Twenty years after the degree in nursing was introduced in Spain, the subject of evidence-based nursing is still unstructured and unestablished in most faculties. Moreover, there are hardly any rigorous studies at a national level that evaluate the current state of this competence in our faculties. Understanding the starting point is essential for the curricular design to ensure that evidence-based practice is implemented among future professionals. Aim: To design and validate an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire for fourth-year nursing students. Methods: A specific questionnaire was developed and validated (EBE-ST). A cross-sectional survey design with psychometric validation of an instrument. Participants were 304 senior year nursing students from eight universities in Spain (2020). Results: The EBE-ST questionnaire is composed of 33 items that determine eight factors. It presents adequate reliability and validity (alpha = 0.882), measuring knowledge, attitudes and the practical application of evidence-based practice. Conclusions: We have created an instrument with good psychometric properties to measure evidence-based practice competence among senior nursing students. The heterogeneity of knowledge regarding evidence-based nursing in our country suggests that further reflection is warranted on the incorporation of this topic during undergraduate training. We have designed and validated an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire specific to nursing student

Actitudes ante la muerte y factores relacionados de los estudiantes de enfermería en la comunidad autónoma de Catalunya

Las actitudes de los profesionales de la salud ante las situaciones de muerte y sufrimiento de los pacientes pueden influir en la calidad de los cuidados asistenciales. Las primeras experiencias relacionadas con la muerte durante las prácticas clínicas son uno de los eventos relatados como más estresantes por los estudiantes de enfermería. Desde el ámbito docente es necesario formar a estos futuros profesionales en estrategias de afrontamiento que les permitan gestionar de manera eficaz estas situaciones. Asimismo es importante utilizar instrumentos de medida que permitan evaluar las actitudes ante los cuidados al paciente en situación de final de vida y su familia. Esta tesis doctoral pretende aportar datos empíricos sobre las actitudes ante la muerte y factores relacionados de los estudiantes de enfermería catalanes, mediante tres estudios. El objetivo del primer estudio fure profundizar en el conocimiento de la primera experiencia con la muerte de los estudiantes de enfermería. Los objetivos del segundo estudio fueron analizar las relaciones del miedo y ansiedad ante la muerte de los estudiantes de enfermería con la inteligencia emocional, la autoestima y la resiliencia, además de conocer el papel modulador de variables sociodemográficas, experiencias previas con la muerte y la formación en cuidados paliativos, en las actitudes ante la muerte. Los objetivos del tercer estudio fueron traducir, validar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Frommmelt Attitudes Toward Car Of Dying (FATCOD), en estudiantes de enfermería españoles, y explorar las relaciones entre las actitudes ante el cuidado del paciente al final de la vida y su familia con las tres dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional (atención, claridad y reparación) y con el miedo y la ansiedad ante la muerte. En los diferentes estudios participaron 772 estudiantes de enfermería de la comunidad autónoma de Catalunya. Una muestra de conveniencia de 12 estudiantes participó en un estudio cualitativo mediante entrevistas en profundidad. Por otra parte, 760 estudiantes en un segundo estudio, y de ellos 669 en el tercero, respondieron voluntariamente a un cuestionario anónimo que contenía variables sociodemográficas y escalas de medida de factores relacionados con los objetivos de los diferentes estudios. Las variables y instrumentos, en su versión española, utilizados en esta tesis fueron: miedo a la muerte(Collet-Lester Fear of Death Scale-CLFDS), ansiedad ante la muerte (Death Anxiety Inventory- Revised-DAI-R), resiliencia (Brief Resilience Coping Scale-BRCS), inteligencia emocional (Trait Meta-Mood Scale-TMMS_24), autoestima (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale- RSES) y actitudes ante los cuidados al paciente en situación de final y familia (Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care Of Dying- FATCOD-S). Los principales resultados muestran que el primer contacto con la muerte de los pacientes durante las prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes, les produce un gran impacto emocional, destacando la necesidad de formación específica en competencias socioemocionales y comunicativas. Por otra parte, los resultados destacan que la atención emocional, la resiliencia y la autoestima son factores predictores de la ansiedad ante la muerte. Por último, los resultados sugieren que la FATCOD-S, en su versión española, presenta unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en estudiantes de enfermería españoles. En conclusión, el contacto de los estudiantes de enfermería con situaciones de muerte y sufrimiento es una experiencia que les produce un gran impacto emocional, por lo que es importante conocer que estrategias de afrontamiento son las más eficaces, para favorecer unos cuidados asistenciales de calidad a la vez que minimizar su desgaste emocional. A su vez, cabe destacar que el uso de la FATCOD-S en el contexto de los estudiantes de enfermería españoles, puede proporcionarnos información importante sobre cómo estos futuros profesionales se relacionan con los enfermos y familias en situación de final de vida.The attitudes of health professionals in situations of patient death and suffering can influence the quality of care provision. In this context, nursing students describe their first death-related experiences during clinical practices as one of the most stressful events. From the teaching environment, it is necessary to train these future professionals using coping strategies that enable them to effectively manage situations of suffering and death during their care practice. It is equally important to use measuring instruments to evaluate attitudes towards caring for a patient in an end of life situation and their family members to gain more knowledge about which situations produce the greatest discomfort. This doctoral thesis intends to increase knowledge about the attitudes towards death and related factors held by Catalan nursing students by producing empirical data from three different studies. The aim of first study was deepen insight into nursing students’ first experience with death. The aims of second study were analyse how nursing students relate fear and anxiety towards death with resilient coping strategies such as emotional intelligence, self-esteem and resilience, further understand the modulating role of sociodemographic variables, prior experience with death and training in palliative care in attitudes towards death and dying. The aims of third study were: translate, validate and analyse the psychometric properties of the FATCOD scale and evaluate its reliability and validity in a sample of Spanish nursing students and explore the relationship between attitudes towards caring for dying patients and their family and the three dimensions of emotional intelligence (attention, clarity and repair) and the fear and anxiety towards death. A total of 772 nursing students of the autonomous community of Catalonia participated in the different studies. A convenience sample of 12 students participated in the qualitative study through in-depth interviews. Furthermore, 760 students in the second study, of which 669 in the third, voluntarily answered an anonymous questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables and measurement scales of factors related to the objectives of the different studies. The variables and instruments, in their Spanish version, used in this thesis were: fear of death (Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale-CLFDS), death anxiety (Death Anxiety Inventory-Revised-DAI-R), resilience (Brief Resilience Coping Scale-BRCS), emotional intelligence (Trait Meta-Mood Scale-TMMS_24), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale-RSES) and attitudes towards patients in an end of life situation and their family (Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying-FATCOD-S). The main results of the studies show that students’ first exposure to death of a patient during clinical practice has a significant emotional impact and point to the need for specific training in the scope of palliative care, especially in terms of communication and socioemotional skills. Results of the second test highlight that emotional attention, resilience and self-esteem are predicting factors of death anxiety. Furthermore, students who had prior experiences with death and who have received training in palliative care display less fear and death anxiety. Finally, the results suggest that the Spanish version FATCOD-S contains suitable psychometric properties for use in Spanish nursing students. In conclusion, exposure to situations of death and suffering is an experience that has a significant emotional impact on nursing students. It is therefore necessary to know what coping strategies are the most effective in order to provide them with the tools that enable them to give quality care and, at the same time, minimise their emotional stress. In turn, it should be noted that the use of the FATCOD-S in the context of Spanish nursing students can provide us with useful information on how these future professionals will interact with patients and their family in end of life situations

Tutorización virtual. Espacio de aprendizaje cooperativo 2.0

El Espacio Virtual de Tutorización y Aprendizaje Cooperativo 2.0 se creó con el objetivo de realizar de manera virtual, el seguimiento del proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante en prácticas de la titulación de Grado en Enfermería, así como para fomentar su pensamiento crítico y el aprendizaje cooperativo. El índice de participación fue del 95% del total de estudiantes matriculados en la asignatura del Prácticum Especializado III. La participación y aportaciones de los estudiantes fueron muy altas (95%). También, en este sentido, la valoración cualitativa de este Espacio, tanto por parte del profesor/tutor de la Escuela, como de los tutores de los centros y de los propios estudiantes, fue altamente satisfactoria, destacando la utilidad de la plataforma en el seguimiento del proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante y la adquisición de conocimientos de manera cooperativ

Otra manera de enseñar enfermería clínica: el arte como vehículo formador

Resumen: En los estudios de enfermería se reconoce la existencia de problemas que están provocando un bajo rendimiento académico a nivel internacional, así como un aumento de absentismo y abandono de la titulación. Diversos estudios han utilizado el arte como estrategia de enseñanza, demostrando un aumento en el aprendizaje y en la motivación de los estudiantes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar una experiencia docente que incluye el arte como vehículo formador en el aprendizaje de la fisiopatología y cuidados enfermeros de la piel. Para ello se realiza un diseño mixto, con una primera fase cualitativa exploratoria preliminar y una segunda fase cuantitativa para evaluar la intervención definitiva. Los principales resultados muestran que el aprendizaje de los contenidos en los que se ha utilizado el arte como metodología docente han sido mejor asimilados, y los estudiantes se han mostrado altamente satisfechos con esta metodología; respecto al pensamiento creativo, la escala EDICOS ha mostrado una alta consistencia en todas las dimensiones, y no se han obtenido diferencias significativas en relación con el género. Los estudiantes expresan que la observación e interpretación del arte les ha permitido una aproximación a la realidad y una reflexión sobre los cuidados enfermeros. Abstract: Several nursing studies recognise the existence of problems that are caused by a low academic performance at international level, as well as an increase in absenteeism and abandonment of the degree. Most of these studies have used art as an instrument of learning, demonstrating an increase in student knowledge and motivation. The objective of this study is to evaluate a teaching experience that includes Arts-Based-Learning of the pathophysiology and nursing care of the skin.A two-phase mixed design was used to evaluate the (definitive) intervention. In the first phase, the qualitative performance was explored, and in the second phase, the quantitative performance was evaluated. Results: showed a better assimilation of learning contents for those students for whom art has been used as a teaching methodology. A high level of satisfaction among students was also observed with this methodology. Regarding creative thinking, the EDICOS scale showed a high consistency in all dimensions. However, no significant gender-related differences were found. Students expressed that the observation and interpretation of art have provided them with an outline of the current situation, and a reflection of nursing care. Palabras clave: Enfermería clínica, Enseñanza universitaria, Pedagogía creativa, Pensamiento creativo, Aprendizaje basado en las artes, Satisfacción, Keywords: Clinical nursing, University teaching, Creative pedagogy, Creative thinking, Arts-based learning, Satisfactio

Design of the ebe-st questionnaire among nursing students: multicenter study from eight universities in Spain

Background: Twenty years after the degree in nursing was introduced in Spain, the subject of evidence-based nursing is still unstructured and unestablished in most faculties. Moreover, there are hardly any rigorous studies at a national level that evaluate the current state of this competence in our faculties. Understanding the starting point is essential for the curricular design to ensure that evidence-based practice is implemented among future professionals. Aim: To design and validate an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire for fourth-year nursing students. Methods: A specific questionnaire was developed and validated (EBE-ST). A cross-sectional survey design with psychometric validation of an instrument. Participants were 304 senior year nursing students from eight universities in Spain (2020). Results: The EBE-ST questionnaire is composed of 33 items that determine eight factors. It presents adequate reliability and validity (alpha = 0.882), measuring knowledge, attitudes and the practical application of evidence-based practice. Conclusions: We have created an instrument with good psychometric properties to measure evidence-based practice competence among senior nursing students. The heterogeneity of knowledge regarding evidence-based nursing in our country suggests that further reflection is warranted on the incorporation of this topic during undergraduate training. We have designed and validated an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire specific to nursing students