Formación ciudadana en universidades chilenas: variaciones históricas e institucionales

Citizenship education in universities is becoming more important throughout the world. However, there is little consensus about what citizenship education in the university context means, or on how to teach it. Therefore, this research formulates a conceptual framework to understand what universities contribute to citizenship education. Following, it systematises the historical journey of citizenship education in universities in Chile, including the evolution of the concepts and practices. Then, it selects three Chilean universities as case studies (Universidad de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Universidad del Desarrollo) that identify and systematise what they define as citizenship education today, as well as how they carry out this education in the organisation. Finally, the study analyses the curriculum of each of the institutions selected, considering the areas in which civic processes and relationships emerge and the types of citizens they promote. The conclusions of the study show that citizenship education - as it is understood today - is currently part of the ‘genetic code’ of institutional identity. This DNA has a ideological basis directly related to the institution’s origin and affiliation. This is reflected in the organisational and curricular adjustments that lead to the creation of different types of professionals within society.Politics, Culture and National Identities 1789-presen

Epigenetics and diet: how does food regulate our genes?

In recent decades, research into how our cells function using cellular and molecular approaches has further opened our understanding of how homeostasis is disrupted by environmental insults. Unhealthy diet over time generates a wide range of problems that lead to morbidity and mortality. Previously, the causes of diseases were attributed solely to the genetic makeup of individuals, however, epigenetics emerged to help understand how lifestyles can influence the expression of an individual's genes. Therefore, in this review article, we discuss recent evidence indicating that dietary components can modulate gene function through epigenetic control (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs) to maintain homeostasis. In addition, it is discussed what happens when harmful nutritional habits predominant (e.g., high fat and sugar diet and low consumption of vitamins-rich foods); a situation that deteriorates and interrupts the way our genes work. The importance of this field lies in the fact that nutritionists, in the future, could direct personalized nutritional therapies and, above all, they could practice health promotion with an integrated knowledge on how diet regulates our genes.Revisión por pare

Regulators and environmental groups: better together or apart?

This paper examines green alliances between environmental groups (EGs) and polluting firms, which have become more common in the last decades, and analyzes how they affect policy design. We first show that the activities of regulators and EGs are strategic substitutes, giving rise to free-riding incentives on both agents. Nonetheless, the presence of the EG yields smaller welfare benefits when firms are subject to regulation than when they are not. In addition, the introduction of environmental policy yields large welfare gains when the EG is absent but small benefits when the EG is already present

Variable Access to Immediate Bedside Ultrasound in the Emergency Department

Objective: Use of bedside emergency department (ED) ultrasound has become increasingly important for the clinical practice of emergency medicine (EM). We sought to evaluate differences in the availability of immediate bedside ultrasound based on basic ED characteristics and physician staffing.Methods: We surveyed ED directors in all 351 EDs in Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Oregon between January and April 2009. We assessed access to bedside ED ultrasound by the question: “Is bedside ultrasound available immediately in the ED?” ED characteristics included location, visit volume, admission rate, percent uninsured, total emergency physician full-time equivalents and proportion of EM board-certified (BC) or EM board-eligible (BE) physicians. Data analysis used chi-square tests and multivariable logistical regression to compare differences in access to bedside ED ultrasound by ED characteristics and staffing.Results: We received complete responses from 298 (85%) EDs. Immediate access to bedside ultrasound was available in 175 (59%) EDs. ED characteristics associated with access to bedside ultrasound were: location (39% for rural vs. 71% for urban, P20%] rates, P<0.001); and EM BC/BE physicians (26% for EDs with a low percentage [0-20%] vs.74% for EDs with a high percentage [≥80%], P<0.001).Conclusion: U.S. EDs differ significantly in their access to immediate bedside ultrasound. Smaller, rural EDs and those staffed by fewer EM BC/BE physicians more frequently lacked access to immediate bedside ultrasound in the ED. [West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(1):96-99.

National survey of pediatric services available in US emergency departments

BACKGROUND: Children account for nearly 20% of all US emergency department (ED) visits, yet previous national surveys found that many EDs lack specialized pediatric care. In response, a 2001 joint policy statement recommended resources needed by EDs for effective pediatric emergency care delivery. We sought to update and enhance previous estimates of pediatric services available in US EDs. METHODS: We administered a telephone survey to a 5% random sample (n = 279) of all US EDs from the 2007 National Emergency Department Inventory-USA. The survey collected data on local capabilities (including typical management of three clinical scenarios) and prevalence of a coordinator for pediatric emergency care. We used descriptive statistics to summarize data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between survey respondent and ED characteristics as well as the presence of a coordinator for pediatric emergency medicine. RESULTS: Data were collected from 238 hospitals (85% response rate). A minority of hospitals had pediatric departments (36%) or intensive care units (12%). The median annual number of ED visits by children was 3,870 (interquartile range 1,500–8,800). Ten percent of hospitals had a separate pediatric ED; only 17% had a designated pediatric emergency care coordinator. Significant positive predictors of a coordinator were an ED pediatric visit volume of ≥1 patient per hour and urban location. Most EDs treated only mild-to-moderate cases of childhood bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation (77% and 65%, respectively). Less than half (48%) of the hospitals reported the ability to surgically manage a child with acute appendicitis. CONCLUSION: We found little change in pediatric emergency services compared to earlier estimates. Our study results suggest a continued need for improvements to ensure access to emergency care for children

Suicide Prevention in an Emergency Department Population: The ED-SAFE Study

Importance: Suicide is a leading cause of deaths in the United States. Although the emergency department (ED) is an opportune setting for initiating suicide prevention efforts, ED-initiated suicide prevention interventions remain underdeveloped. Objective: To determine whether an ED-initiated intervention reduces subsequent suicidal behavior. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter study of 8 EDs in the United States enrolled adults with a recent suicide attempt or ideation and was composed of 3 sequential phases: (1) a treatment as usual (TAU) phase from August 2010 to December 2011, (2) a universal screening (screening) phase from September 2011 to December 2012, and (3) a universal screening plus intervention (intervention) phase from July 2012 to November 2013. Interventions: Screening consisted of universal suicide risk screening. The intervention phase consisted of universal screening plus an intervention, which included secondary suicide risk screening by the ED physician, discharge resources, and post-ED telephone calls focused on reducing suicide risk. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was suicide attempts (nonfatal and fatal) over the 52-week follow-up period. The proportion and total number of attempts were analyzed. Results: A total of 1376 participants were recruited, including 769 females (55.9%) with a median (interquartile range) age of 37 (26-47) years. A total of 288 participants (20.9%) made at least 1 suicide attempt, and there were 548 total suicide attempts among participants. There were no significant differences in risk reduction between the TAU and screening phases (23% vs 22%, respectively). However, compared with the TAU phase, patients in the intervention phase showed a 5% absolute reduction in suicide attempt risk (23% vs 18%), with a relative risk reduction of 20%. Participants in the intervention phase had 30% fewer total suicide attempts than participants in the TAU phase. Negative binomial regression analysis indicated that the participants in the intervention phase had significantly fewer total suicide attempts than participants in the TAU phase (incidence rate ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.00; P = .05) but no differences between the TAU and screening phases (incidence rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.71-1.41; P = .99). Conclusions and Relevance: Among at-risk patients in the ED, a combination of brief interventions administered both during and after the ED visit decreased post-ED suicidal behavior

Common carotid intima media thickness and ankle-brachial pressure index correlate with local but not global atheroma burden:a cross sectional study using whole body magnetic resonance angiography

Common carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) are used as surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, and have been shown to correlate with arterial stiffness, however their correlation with global atherosclerotic burden has not been previously assessed. We compare CIMT and ABPI with atheroma burden as measured by whole body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA).50 patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease were recruited. CIMT was measured using ultrasound while rest and exercise ABPI were performed. WB-MRA was performed in a 1.5T MRI scanner using 4 volume acquisitions with a divided dose of intravenous gadolinium gadoterate meglumine (Dotarem, Guerbet, FR). The WB-MRA data was divided into 31 anatomical arterial segments with each scored according to degree of luminal narrowing: 0 = normal, 1 = <50%, 2 = 50-70%, 3 = 70-99%, 4 = vessel occlusion. The segment scores were summed and from this a standardized atheroma score was calculated.The atherosclerotic burden was high with a standardised atheroma score of 39.5±11. Common CIMT showed a positive correlation with the whole body atheroma score (β 0.32, p = 0.045), however this was due to its strong correlation with the neck and thoracic segments (β 0.42 p = 0.01) with no correlation with the rest of the body. ABPI correlated with the whole body atheroma score (β -0.39, p = 0.012), which was due to a strong correlation with the ilio-femoral vessels with no correlation with the thoracic or neck vessels. On multiple linear regression, no correlation between CIMT and global atheroma burden was present (β 0.13 p = 0.45), while the correlation between ABPI and atheroma burden persisted (β -0.45 p = 0.005).ABPI but not CIMT correlates with global atheroma burden as measured by whole body contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in a population with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. However this is primarily due to a strong correlation with ilio-femoral atheroma burden

Estimativa do índice de desconforto térmico em Planaltina-DF.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho analisar o índice de desconforto térmico humano (IDT) para o município de Planaltina-DF. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram coletados pela estação meteorológica automática principal da Embrapa Cerrados, no período de 01/01/2013 á 31/12/2013, cujas coordenadas geográficas são: latitude 15°36?04??S, longitude 47°42?50??W e altitude de 1001 m. Para a determinação do índice de desconforto térmico humano proposto por Thom, foram utilizados os componentes medidos: temperatura do ar (tar) e umidade relativa do ar (UR). Com base nessas estimativas, os valores de ID foram classificados em quatro intervalos: pouco desconfortável (IDT?14,9); confortável (15,0?IDT?19,9); parcialmente confortável (20,0?IDT?26,4); muito desconfortável (IDT?26,5). Os resultados mostraram que ao longo do período estudado, constataram-se valores de IDT variando entre 16,98 e 23,78, que ocorreram nos meses de julho e setembro, respectivamente. Verificou-se ainda que o período mais crítico ocorreu entre os meses de fevereiro e setembro onde foram observados valores de IDT entre 22,75 e 23,78. Os menores valores de IDT ocorreram entre os meses de maio (17,16) e julho (16,98). Contudo, verificou-se que a condição de IDT classificado como parcialmente confortável foi a que mais ocorreu durante o ano, representando cerca de 64% das estimativas, enquanto 36% foram classificadas como confortável. Os maiores riscos de desconforto térmico humano no município de Planaltina-DF ocorreram nos meses de março e setembro. Estes resultados podem estar associados à variabilidade da radiação solar e ao baixo número de dias chuvosos que aconteceu nestes meses. Setembro é um mês característico da época seca no Cerrado. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was analyze the human thermal discomfort index (TDI) for the city of Planaltina-DF. The data used in this study were collected by the main automatic weather station Embrapa Cerrado, in the period 01/01/2013 to 31/12/2013, the positions are: latitude 15 ° 36'04 "S, longitude 47 ° 42 '50''W and altitude 1001 m. for determining the human thermal discomfort index proposed by Thom, were used the measured components: Air temperature (tar) and relative humidity (RH). Based on these estimates, the ID values were classified into four ranges: little uncomfortable (TDI?14,9); comfortable (15,0?TDI?19,9); partially comfortable (20,0? TDI ?26,4); very uncomfortable (TDI ?26,5). The results showed that during the study period were noted TDI values ranging between 16.98 and 23.78, which occurred in the months of July and September, respectively. It was also found that the most critical period occurred between the months of February and September where TDI values were observed between 22.75 and 23.78. Smaller TDI values occurred between the months of May (17.16) and July (16.98). However, it was found that the TDI condition classified as partially comfortable was the most occurred during the year, representing about 64% of the estimates, while 36% were classified as comfortable. The greatest risk of human thermal discomfort in Planaltina DF municipality occurred in the months of March and September. These findings may be related to the variability of solar radiation and the low number of rainy days that happened in these months. September is a typical month of the dry season in the Cerrado

Deep ocean particle flux in the Northeast Atlantic over the past 30 years: carbon sequestration is controlled by ecosystem structure in the upper ocean

The time series of downward particle flux at 3000 m at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory (PAP-SO) in the Northeast Atlantic is presented for the period 1989 to 2018. This flux can be considered to be sequestered for more than 100 years. Measured levels of organic carbon sequestration (average 1.88 gm−2 y−1) are higher on average at this location than at the six other time series locations in the Atlantic. Interannual variability is also greater than at the other locations (organic carbon flux coefficient of variation = 73%). We find that previously hypothesised drivers of 3,000 m flux, such as net primary production (NPP) and previous-winter mixing are not good predictors of this sequestration flux. In contrast, the composition of the upper ocean biological community, specifically the protozoan Rhizaria (including the Foraminifera and Radiolaria) exhibit a close relationship to sequestration flux. These species become particularly abundant following enhanced upper ocean temperatures in June leading to pulses of this material reaching 3,000 m depth in the late summer. In some years, the organic carbon flux pulses following Rhizaria blooms were responsible for substantial increases in carbon sequestration and we propose that the Rhizaria are one of the major vehicles by which material is transported over a very large depth range (3,000 m) and hence sequestered for climatically relevant time periods. We propose that they sink fast and are degraded little during their transport to depth. In terms of atmospheric CO2 uptake by the oceans, the Radiolaria and Phaeodaria are likely to have the greatest influence. Foraminifera will also exert an influence in spite of the fact that the generation of their calcite tests enhances upper ocean CO2 concentration and hence reduces uptake from the atmosphere