Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Entrevista com os familiares: um instrumento fundamental no planejamento da revelação diagnóstica do HIV/Aids para crianças e adolescentes Interviews with family members: a fundamental tool for planning the disclosure of a diagnosis of HIV/aids for children and adolescents

O estudo teve como objetivo apresentar a participação dos cuidadores na construção de estratégias para a comunicação do HIV às crianças soropositivas, assim como, discutir as intervenções que contribuiriam para a superação das dificuldades que comumente impedem os familiares a aceitarem esse processo. Participaram 23 cuidadores de 18 pacientes com indicação para revelação diagnóstica, acompanhados em dois serviços de Aids pediátrica no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa e os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semidirigidas. Os resultados demonstraram que legitimar os motivos pelos quais os cuidadores relutam em divulgar o diagnóstico às suas crianças, assim como suas motivações, são intervenções que contribuem para diluir resistências, facilitando a aceitação da revelação. A colaboração dos responsáveis forneceu subsídios valiosos para o direcionamento do processo de revelação diagnóstica, além de ter possibilitado o estabelecimento de um vínculo receptivo e favorável, capaz de minimizar inibições que poderiam ser prejudiciais à continuidade do processo.<br>The scope of this study was to present the participation of caregivers in creating strategies for disclosure of their condition to HIV-positive children, as well as discussing the interventions that might contribute to overcoming the difficulties that commonly prevent family members from accepting this process. The participants included 23 caregivers of 18 patients referred for diagnosis disclosure, monitored at two pediatric AIDS units in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. This is a qualitative study and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The results showed that legitimating reasons why caregivers are reluctant to disclose the diagnosis to the children, as well as their motivations, are interventions that contribute to reduce resistance, facilitating the acceptance of disclosure. The collaboration of caregivers has provided valuable insights for conducting the work, and has enabled the establishment of a receptive and supportive relationship minimizing inhibitions that could be harmful to the continuity of the process

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)