Evaluating Enterprise Education:Why do it?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to argue that evaluations of enterprise education need to develop beyond the economist viewpoint of business start‐up and business growth and promote the notion that evaluations of enterprise education should encompass prime pedagogical objectives of enterprise education, enabling students to grow and develop and to shape their own identities in the light of their learning experiences.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reports on one of the key findings (self identity and the entrepreneur) from a PhD study of 18 case studies/life stories of graduate entrepreneurs and their experiences of enterprise education from one university.FindingsIt is found that graduates who start their own businesses are reluctant to call themselves “entrepreneurs”; they question the meaning of the word and its relevance to them and findings suggest that “Entrepreneur” is a label given to them by educators and peers.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study provides a starting point for further research of evaluating enterprise education, through the lens of students and graduates that have taken/are taking part in accredited and non‐accredited enterprise education whilst at university.Originality/valueThe study has proven to be useful in improving the format, content and delivery of enterprise education on campus and also the development of appropriate evaluation tools.</jats:sec

Platonic Solids and Solutions to X2 + Y3 = dZr

This manuscript investigates the properties of the diophantine equation X2 + Yr Here d is a given integer, r is one of 3,4, or 5 and the unknowns X,Y ,Z are required to be integers with no common factor other than ±1. The equation is a special case of the so called generalized Fermat equations. The equation is classified as a spherical generalized Fermat equation. As such, it has many properties in common with the better known (and in fact studied by the Babylonians since at least 1600 BC) Pythagoras equation X2 + Y2 = Z2. There is an infinite number of solutions to the Pythagoras equation. Many will remember the triples (3, 4, 5) and (5, 12, 13) from their high school days. An infinite set of solutions can be obtained by assigning integer values to (s, t) in the formula X = s2-t2, Y = 2st, Z = s2+t2. In fact, all solutions to the Pythagoras equation can be obtained if we also allow X to be swapped with Y, and Z to be replaced by -Z. Frits Beukers showed in 1998 that similar thing happens withX2 + Y3 = dZr. There is an infinite number of solutions and these solutions can all be obtained by assigning integer values to (s, t) in a finite set of formulae for (X, Y, Z). The main problem is then to find these formulae (parameterizations). Although in principle Beukers’ method is effective, it seems difficult to obtain all the necessary parameterizations by using it directly. This manuscript describes an algorithm to generate complete sets of parameterizations to these equations. In particular, it gives a complete set of parameterizations to the hitherto inaccessible equation X2 + Y3= Z5 (there are 27 parameterizations to this equation, or 49 if solutions with X and -X are considered distinct). The method lends on several mathematical techniques from Invariant Theory - an important branch of mathematics at the end of the 19th century. The title of the thesis is explained by the fact that the 60 symmetries of the 20-sided platonic solid called the icosahedron play a key role in producing solutions to the equation X2 + Y3 = dZ5

Correlative in situ total and elastic strain mapping on micromechanical test pieces by DIC and HR-EBSD

The measurement of elastic strains and stress in micromechanical testpieces upon loading has previously been performed by in-situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). Similarly, the measurement of total, elastic and plastic, strains by the technique of digital image correlation (DIC) strain mapping, has recently been performed on micropillars using an applied surface speckle pattern. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

The geology of the Falkland Islands

This report is complementary to the 1:250 000 scale geological map of the Falkland Islands compiled in 1998. The report and map are products of the Falkland Islands Geological Mapping Project (1996-1998). Geological observation and research in the Islands date from 1764. The Islands were visited during two pioneering scientific cruises in the 19th century. Subsequently, many scientists visited en route to the Antarctic or Patagonia. Geological affinities to other parts of the southern continents, especially South Africa, were noted early in the 20th century. There have been two previous attempts to create a geological map of the Islands, both motivated primarily by the search for economic mineral deposits onshore. In the last few decades much effort has been directed to understanding the Falklands’ place in Gondwana, the processes by which the Islands have moved to their present position by continental drift and the concomitant development of offshore sedimentary basins. Considerable progress in describing the superficial deposits was made in the 1970’s, and during the last ten years. The stratigraphic subdivisions of the geological sequence shown on the previous geological maps have been substantiated and defined more rigorously than before. In addition, several new stratigraphic units have been recognised. Each unit is described with an introductory summary of composition and distribution, followed by comments on nomenclature and stratigraphic relationships, associated landforms, distinguishing characters, and the criteria used to locate and survey the stratigraphic base. Detailed descriptions of composition, sedimentary structures and fossil content then lead to brief comments on the environment of deposition, age and correlation. The bedrock geological formations (‘solid geology’) can be divided into four age groups. The Proterozoic granites and amphibolite facies gneisses of the Cape Meredith Complex (about 1150 to 1000 million years old) are overlain in turn by sedimentary sequences of the ?Silurian to Devonian West Falkland Group and the Carboniferous to Permian Lafonia Group. Jurassic igneous rocks are widespread but only locally abundant. The West Falkland Group is dominated by sandstones, with some siltstones and mudstones. The oldest of four formations, the Port Stephens Formation, is divided into seven members, representing marine to fluvial environments. The basal member on East Falkland is probably the oldest part of the sedimentary sequence and might be latest Ordovician in age, but is more probably Silurian. The overlying Albemarle Member is notable for abundant trace fossils, mainly Skolithos, but also contains a new ichnospecies of Heimdallia. The succeeding marine Fox Bay Formation contains the Early to Middle Devonian Malvinokaffric invertebrate fossil fauna. One proximal facies member is recognised in the west. The Port Philomel Formation represents deltaic facies. It is notable for abundant fossil plant debris, most conspicuously lycophyte stems. The Late Devonian Port Stanley Formation, which includes the Stanley Quartzite, marks a return to marine conditions. The sandstones in the West Falkland Group are mostly quartz arenites and subarkoses, consistent with derivation from an area of stable continent crust. The West Falkland Group can be correlated with parts of the Cape Supergroup of South Africa

Orientation, temperature and strain rate effects in deformation twinning of magnesium

Deformation twinning (DT) has a very important role in accommodating plastic deformation in hexagonal close packed (HCP) metals due to their limited number of easy slip systems. Unfortunately, DT is also known to be associated with a lack of ductility and high residual stresses, which can lead to cracking, affecting the industrial applicability of these metals and making them only partially competitive compared to other light metal alloys. Despite decades of research on DT, many questions remains open about their exact nucleation and propagation mechanisms and their associated defects and stresses in the material. Focusing the study on the {1012} twin mode, we performed in situ tensile and compression tests at the micron-scale on suitably oriented single crystal pure magnesium over 7 order of magnitude of strain rate (from 10 -4 to 500 s-1) and at different temperatures (from 293 to 573 K). 3D HR-EBSD is used to characterize the shape of the twins as well as the distribution of the residual stresses and the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) inside the deformed volume of the material. TEM is used to characterize the activated dislocations and twin plane features for the different deformation conditions. Please click Download on the upper right corner to see the full abstract

A Bayesian approach to the g-formula

Epidemiologists often wish to estimate quantities that are easy to communicate and correspond to the results of realistic public health interventions. Methods from causal inference can answer these questions. We adopt the language of potential outcomes under Rubin’s original Bayesian framework and show that the parametric g-formula is easily amenable to a Bayesian approach. We show that the frequentist properties of the Bayesian g-formula suggest it improves the accuracy of estimates of causal effects in small samples or when data are sparse. We demonstrate an approach to estimate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke on body mass index among children aged 4–9 years who were enrolled in a longitudinal birth cohort in New York, USA. We provide an algorithm and supply SAS and Stan code that can be adopted to implement this computational approach more generally

A Bespoke Instrumental Variable Approach to Correction for Exposure Measurement Error

A covariate-adjusted estimate of an exposure-outcome association may be biased if the exposure variable suffers measurement error. We propose an approach to correct for exposure measurement error in a covariate-adjusted estimate of the association between a continuous exposure variable and outcome of interest. Our proposed approach requires data for a reference population in which the exposure was a priori set to some known level (e.g., 0, and is therefore unexposed); however, our approach does not require an exposure validation study or replicate measures of exposure, which are typically needed when addressing bias due to exposure measurement error. A key condition for this method, which we refer to as "partial population exchangeability," requires that the association between a measured covariate and outcome in the reference population equals the association between that covariate and outcome in the target population in the absence of exposure. We illustrate the approach using simulations and an example

Choice of Outcome in COVID-19 Studies and Implications for Policy: Mortality and Fatality

In this brief communication, we discuss the confusion of mortality with fatality in the interpretation of evidence in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and how this confusion affects the translation of science into policy and practice. We discuss how this confusion has influenced COVID-19 policy in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom and discuss the implications for decision-making about COVID-19 vaccine distribution. We also discuss how this confusion is an example of a more general statistical fallacy we term the "Missing Link Fallacy.

Chiral Analysis of Quenched Baryon Masses

We extend to quenched QCD an earlier investigation of the chiral structure of the masses of the nucleon and the delta in lattice simulations of full QCD. Even after including the meson-loop self-energies which give rise to the leading and next-to-leading non-analytic behaviour (and hence the most rapid variation in the region of light quark mass), we find surprisingly little curvature in the quenched case. Replacing these meson-loop self-energies by the corresponding terms in full QCD yields a remarkable level of agreement with the results of the full QCD simulations. This comparison leads to a very good understanding of the origins of the mass splitting between these baryons.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figure

A genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus pandemic

The widespread use of antibiotics in association with high-density clinical care has driven the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria that are adapted to thrive in hospitalized patients. Of particular concern are globally disseminated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones that cause outbreaks and epidemics associated with health care. The most rapidly spreading and tenacious health-care-associated clone in Europe currently is EMRSA-15, which was first detected in the UK in the early 1990s and subsequently spread throughout Europe and beyond. Using phylogenomic methods to analyze the genome sequences for 193 S. aureus isolates, we were able to show that the current pandemic population of EMRSA-15 descends from a health-care-associated MRSA epidemic that spread throughout England in the 1980s, which had itself previously emerged from a primarily community-associated methicillin-sensitive population. The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in this EMRSA-15 subclone in the English Midlands during the mid-1980s appears to have played a key role in triggering pandemic spread, and occurred shortly after the first clinical trials of this drug. Genome-based coalescence analysis estimated that the population of this subclone over the last 20 yr has grown four times faster than its progenitor. Using comparative genomic analysis we identified the molecular genetic basis of 99.8% of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of the isolates, highlighting the potential of pathogen genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool. We document the genetic changes associated with adaptation to the hospital environment and with increasing drug resistance over time, and how MRSA evolution likely has been influenced by country-specific drug use regimens