Primary stroke prevention worldwide : translating evidence into action

Funding Information: The stroke services survey reported in this publication was partly supported by World Stroke Organization and Auckland University of Technology. VLF was partly supported by the grants received from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. MOO was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (SIREN U54 HG007479) under the H3Africa initiative and SIBS Genomics (R01NS107900, R01NS107900-02S1, R01NS115944-01, 3U24HG009780-03S5, and 1R01NS114045-01), Sub-Saharan Africa Conference on Stroke Conference (1R13NS115395-01A1), and Training Africans to Lead and Execute Neurological Trials & Studies (D43TW012030). AGT was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. SLG was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship and an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council synergy grant. We thank Anita Arsovska (University Clinic of Neurology, Skopje, North Macedonia), Manoj Bohara (HAMS Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal), Denis ?erimagi? (Poliklinika Glavi?, Dubrovnik, Croatia), Manuel Correia (Hospital de Santo Ant?nio, Porto, Portugal), Daissy Liliana Mora Cuervo (Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Anna Cz?onkowska (Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland), Gloria Ekeng (Stroke Care International, Dartford, UK), Jo?o Sargento-Freitas (Centro Hospitalar e Universit?rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal), Yuriy Flomin (MC Universal Clinic Oberig, Kyiv, Ukraine), Mehari Gebreyohanns (UT Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA), Ivete Pillo Gon?alves (Hospital S?o Jos? do Avai, Itaperuna, Brazil), Claiborne Johnston (Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA), Kristaps Jurj?ns (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Rizwan Kalani (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA), Grzegorz Kozera (Medical University of Gda?sk, Gda?sk, Poland), Kursad Kutluk (Dokuz Eylul University, ?zmir, Turkey), Branko Malojcic (University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia), Micha? Maluchnik (Ministry of Health, Warsaw, Poland), Evija Migl?ne (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Cassandra Ocampo (University of Botswana, Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana), Louise Shaw (Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK), Lekhjung Thapa (Upendra Devkota Memorial-National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal), Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland), Jie Yang (First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China), and Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gda?sk, Gda?sk, Poland) for their comments on early draft of the manuscript. The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views, decisions, or policies of the institution with which they are affiliated. We thank WSO for funding. The funder had no role in the design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the study results, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the study results for publication. Funding Information: The stroke services survey reported in this publication was partly supported by World Stroke Organization and Auckland University of Technology. VLF was partly supported by the grants received from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. MOO was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (SIREN U54 HG007479) under the H3Africa initiative and SIBS Genomics (R01NS107900, R01NS107900-02S1, R01NS115944-01, 3U24HG009780-03S5, and 1R01NS114045-01), Sub-Saharan Africa Conference on Stroke Conference (1R13NS115395-01A1), and Training Africans to Lead and Execute Neurological Trials & Studies (D43TW012030). AGT was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. SLG was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship and an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council synergy grant. We thank Anita Arsovska (University Clinic of Neurology, Skopje, North Macedonia), Manoj Bohara (HAMS Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal), Denis Čerimagić (Poliklinika Glavić, Dubrovnik, Croatia), Manuel Correia (Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal), Daissy Liliana Mora Cuervo (Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Anna Członkowska (Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland), Gloria Ekeng (Stroke Care International, Dartford, UK), João Sargento-Freitas (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal), Yuriy Flomin (MC Universal Clinic Oberig, Kyiv, Ukraine), Mehari Gebreyohanns (UT Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA), Ivete Pillo Gonçalves (Hospital São José do Avai, Itaperuna, Brazil), Claiborne Johnston (Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA), Kristaps Jurjāns (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Rizwan Kalani (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA), Grzegorz Kozera (Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland), Kursad Kutluk (Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey), Branko Malojcic (University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia), Michał Maluchnik (Ministry of Health, Warsaw, Poland), Evija Miglāne (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Cassandra Ocampo (University of Botswana, Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana), Louise Shaw (Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK), Lekhjung Thapa (Upendra Devkota Memorial-National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal), Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland), Jie Yang (First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China), and Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland) for their comments on early draft of the manuscript. The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views, decisions, or policies of the institution with which they are affiliated. We thank WSO for funding. The funder had no role in the design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the study results, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the study results for publication. Funding Information: VLF declares that the PreventS web app and Stroke Riskometer app are owned and copyrighted by Auckland University of Technology; has received grants from the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence (16/STH/36), Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; APP1182071), and World Stroke Organization (WSO); is an executive committee member of WSO, honorary medical director of Stroke Central New Zealand, and CEO of New Zealand Stroke Education charitable Trust. AGT declares funding from NHMRC (GNT1042600, GNT1122455, GNT1171966, GNT1143155, and GNT1182017), Stroke Foundation Australia (SG1807), and Heart Foundation Australia (VG102282); and board membership of the Stroke Foundation (Australia). SLG is funded by the National Health Foundation of Australia (Future Leader Fellowship 102061) and NHMRC (GNT1182071, GNT1143155, and GNT1128373). RM is supported by the Implementation Research Network in Stroke Care Quality of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (project CA18118) and by the IRIS-TEPUS project from the inter-excellence inter-cost programme of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project LTC20051). BN declares receiving fees for data management committee work for SOCRATES and THALES trials for AstraZeneca and fees for data management committee work for NAVIGATE-ESUS trial from Bayer. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseStroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide and its burden is increasing rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries, many of which are unable to face the challenges it imposes. In this Health Policy paper on primary stroke prevention, we provide an overview of the current situation regarding primary prevention services, estimate the cost of stroke and stroke prevention, and identify deficiencies in existing guidelines and gaps in primary prevention. We also offer a set of pragmatic solutions for implementation of primary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on the role of governments and population-wide strategies, including task-shifting and sharing and health system re-engineering. Implementation of primary stroke prevention involves patients, health professionals, funders, policy makers, implementation partners, and the entire population along the life course.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Adsorption behaviour of copper and gold Glycinates in alkaline media onto activated carbon. Part 2: Kinetics

The kinetics for the competitive adsorption of gold and copper onto activated carbon from synthetic alkaline glycine solutions was studied. The adsorption rate for both gold and copper at the initial stage was modelled using the Fleming k,n adsorption kinetic model. The coefficient of variation (R 2 ) of the model were close to unity for both gold and copper adsorption data. The effects of pH, free glycine, ionic strength, initial gold and copper concentrations and carbon concentration were assessed on the adsorption kinetics of these two metals. The results showed that > 98% of gold was adsorbed onto activated carbon in 6 h or less under all studied conditions. According to the adsorption tests results, carbon concentration is the only parameter that significantly affected the initial gold adsorption rate. For all other studied parameters, the initial adsorption rate is quite robust, with a few variations in process conditions only affecting it slightly. Activated carbon was found to be very selective for gold glycinate complexes over copper glycinates, with over 99.0% gold adsorbed in 24 h and < 15% copper adsorbed in the same duration under optimum conditions from a solution containing 2 ppm gold and 40 ppm copper

Gold recovery from cyanide-starved glycine solutions in the presence of Cu using a molecularly imprinted resin (IXOS-AuC)

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. The synergistic leaching system using glycine as the main lixiviant with low levels of cyanide as a catalyst has been shown to be an effective approach to leach gold‑copper ores and concentrates, allowing the consumption of cyanide to be remarkably reduced. The recovery of gold from the synthetic cyanide-starved glycine leachate in the presence of copper has been investigated using. It was found that the adsorbed copper was mostly cuprous cyanide. The effects of [CN−]:[CuT] and [Gly]: [CuT] molar ratios were not significant on the adsorption of gold and copper using IXOS-AuC resin. The gold recovery increased, while the copper recovery decreased with the increasing initial gold concentration. The equilibrium and kinetics studies were undertaken, and the experimental adsorption equilibrium and rate data showed an excellent fit using the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order models respectively. Elution tests showed that the loaded copper can be selectively pre-eluted over gold by 0.4 M NaCN at pH 11.5. Gold can be effectively eluted by either acidic thiourea or alkaline thiocyanate. The multi-cycle adsorption/elution tests showed that the resin can be effectively regenerated by both acidic thiourea and alkaline thiocyanate, with an insignificant decrease in adsorption and elution efficiency over 3 adsorption/elution cycles. From SEM analysis, the change of surface morphology of the resin was not significant after adsorption and the adsorption/elution cycles

Sulfide precipitation of copper from alkaline glycine-cyanide solutions: Precipitate characterisation

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd A synergistic leaching system using glycine containing starvation levels of cyanide as lixiviants has been shown to be an effective approach to leach gold-copper ores, allowing the consumption of cyanide to be reduced significantly while glycine is recycled. Sulfide precipitation to remove the bulk of the copper was studied. The previous study on the precipitation behaviour of Cu and Au from the alkaline glycine-cyanide solution shows that the cupric (Cu2+) glycinate can be easily precipitated, while the gold and cuprous (Cu+) cyanide species remain stable in the solution. Due to the sparingly soluble nature of metal sulfides, colloidal and poorly settling particles are usually formed without control methods, which create challenges for solid-liquid separation processes such as thickening and filtration. This study investigated the effects of chemical and operational conditions on particle characteristics particularly particle size distributions (PSD). Settling characteristics, particle morphologies and particle structure were also studied. In the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, particularly Ca2+, large and fast settling particle agglomerates were generated. Increasing ionic strength of the solution was also noted to enlarge the particles. The high supersaturation level has insignificant effects on the PSD as long as Ca2+ is present. A relatively large particle size is generated at a medium stirring speed with fast addition rate. There are no significant effects of aging, heating, and seeding on the PSD, but these factors profoundly influenced the morphologies of the individual particles according to the SEM results. SEM and XRD analysis illustrate that a more mature and crystalline copper sulfide precipitates were produced after aging, heating, or seeding

An investigation into the leaching behaviour of copper oxide minerals in aqueous alkaline glycine solutions

Copper oxide minerals are normally extracted by acidic leaching followed by copper recovery with solvent extraction and electrowinning. However, copper oxide deposits often containing large amounts of acid consumable gangue leads to a very high acid consumption. In addition, if the oxide deposit also contains precious metals and iron bearing minerals, significant (lime) neutralisation costs are incurred to establish the conditions for subsequent cyanidation, with concomitant production of gypsum, potential formation of silver-locking jarosites and potential gel formation when acids interact with layer silicate minerals. In this study, an alternative aqueous alkaline glycine system has been employed to evaluate the batch leaching behaviour of copper oxide mineral specimens of the minerals azurite, chrysocolla, cuprite and malachite. The effects of glycine concentration and pH were investigated at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Glycine concentration and pH both had a major effect on the copper extraction. Complete extraction of copper from azurite was achieved in < 6 h when glycine to copper ratio was 8:1. However, further investigation established the optimum leaching conditions as being pH 11 and glycine to copper ratio of 4:1. Under such conditions 95.0%, 91.0%, 83. 8% and 17.4% of copper was extracted after 24 h from the azurite, malachite, cuprite, and chrysocolla mineral specimens respectively. While the dissolution rates of the copper oxide minerals are markedly slower than acid leaching, the selective dissolution of copper over acid-consuming gangue minerals shows much potential. It was shown through UV–Vis spectroscopy that dissolved copper is in the cupric state and forms a neutral copper-glycinate complex under alkaline conditions. The study has shown that copper extraction from malachite, azurite and cuprite in aqueous alkaline glycine solutions is fast, whereas Cu extraction from chrysocolla was found to be poor and slow

Electrochemical behaviour and surface analysis of chalcopyrite in alkaline glycine solutions

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Electrochemical experiments with a chalcopyrite rotating disk electrode were carried out in alkaline glycine solutions. This showed no apparent passivation behaviour during anodic dissolution that is observed in acid solutions. The current increased with applied potential from the open circuit potential with no resemblance to the passivation region seen in acid solutions. A loosely held porous layer developed on the surface consisting largely of iron oxyhydroxides that had a limited effect on the anodic current. Elemental sulfur and a disulfide species were detected using XPS and Raman spectroscopy but did not passivate the surface as has been proposed for acid solutions. The disulfide species is sometimes used to infer a metal deficient sulfide or polysulfide that is responsible for passivation but in this study it had no passivating influence. Current-potential curves showed features of a non-ideal semiconductor that were explained by charge transfer via surface states

Genomics of tolerance to abiotic stress in the Triticeae

Genomics platforms offer unprecedented opportunities to identify, select and in some cases clone the genes and the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that govern the tolerance of Triticeae to abiotic stresses and, consequently, grain yield. Transcriptome profiling and the other \u201comics\u201d platforms provide further information to unravel gene functions and validate the role of candidate genes. This review provides a synopsis of the main results on the studies that have investigated the genomics of Triticeae crops under conditions of abiotic constraints. With their rich biodiversity and high functional plasticity in response to environmental stresses, Triticeae crops provide an ideal ground for taking full advantage of the opportunities offered by genomics approaches. Ultimately, the practical impact of the knowledge and materials generated through genomics-based approaches will depend on their integration and exploitation within the extant breeding programs