784 research outputs found

    Method for copper staining of germanium crystals

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    Proper conditions for copper staining of germanium crystals include a low solution temperature of 3 degrees C, illumination of the sample by infrared light, and careful positioning of the light source relative to the sample so as to minimize absorption of the infrared light

    Isospin diffusion in semi-peripheral 58Ni^{58}Ni + 197Au^{197}Au collisions at intermediate energies (II): Dynamical simulations

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    We study isospin effects in semi-peripheral collisions above the Fermi energy by considering the symmetric 58Ni^{58}Ni + 58Ni^{58}Ni and the asymmetric reactions 58Ni^{58}Ni + 197Au^{197}Au over the incident energy range 52-74 A MeV. A microscopic transport model with two different parameterizations of the symmetry energy term is used to investigate the isotopic content of pre-equilibrium emission and the N/Z diffusion process. Simulations are also compared to experimental data obtained with the INDRA array and bring information on the degree of isospin equilibration observed in Ni + Au collisions. A better overall agreement between data and simulations is obtained when using a symmetry term which linearly increases with nuclear density

    Comparison of fragment partitions production in peripheral and central collisions

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    Ensembles of single-source events, produced in peripheral and central collisions and correponding respectively to quasi-projectile and quasi-fusion sources, are analyzed. After selections on fragment kinematic properties, excitation energies of the sources are derived using the calorimetric method and the mean behaviour of fragments of the two ensembles are compared. Differences observed in their partitions, especially the charge asymmetry, can be related to collective energy deposited in the systems during the collisions.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, presented at the International Workshop on Multifragmentation and Related Topics, Caen France, 4-7th november 2007 (IWM2007

    Kinetic energy spectra for fragments and break-up density in multifragmentation

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    We investigate the possibility, in nuclear fragmentation, to extract information on nuclear density at break-up from fragment kinetic energy spectra using a simultaneous scenario for fragment emission. The conclusions we derive are different from the recently published results of Viola et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, (2004), 132701] assuming a sequential fragment emission and claiming that the experimentally observed decrease of peak centroids for kinetic energy spectra of fragments with increasing bombarding energy is due to a monotonic decrease of the break-up density.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

    Deformation and fracture of aluminum-lithium alloys: The effect of dissolved hydrogen

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    The effects of dissolved hydrogen on the mechanical properties of 2090 and 2219 alloys are studied. The work done during this semi-annual period consists of the hydrogen charging study and some preliminary mechanical tests. Prior to SIMS analysis, several potentiostatic and galvanostatic experiments were performed for various times (going from 10 minutes to several hours) in the cathodic zone, and for the two aqueous solutions: 0.04N of HCl and 0.1N NaOH both combined with a small amount of As2O3. A study of the surface damage was conducted in parallel with the charging experiments. Those tests were performed to choose the best charging conditions without surface damage. Disk rupture tests and tensile tests are part of the study designed to investigate the effect of temperature, surface roughness, strain rate, and environment on the fracture behavior. The importance of the roughness and environment were shown using the disk rupture test as well as the importance of the strain rate under hydrogen environment. The tensile tests, without hydrogen effects, have not shown significant differences between low and room temperature

    Advancement in the understanding of multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei

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    Recent advancement on the knowledge of multifragmentation and phase transition for hot nuclei is reported. It concerns i) the influence of radial collective energy on fragment partitions and the derivation of general properties of partitions in presence of such a collective energy, ii) a better knowledge of freeze-out properties obtained by means of a simulation based on all the available experimental information and iii) the quantitative study of the bimodal behaviour of the heaviest fragment charge distribution for fragmenting hot heavy quasi-projectiles which allows, for the first time, to estimate the latent heat of the phase transition.Comment: 9 pages, Proceedings of IWM09, November 4-7, Catania (Italy

    Break-up stage restoration in multifragmentation reactions

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    In the case of Xe+Sn at 32 MeV/nucleon multifragmentation reaction break-up fragments are built-up from the experimentally detected ones using evaluations of light particle evaporation multiplicities which thus settle fragment internal excitation. Freeze-out characteristics are extracted from experimental kinetic energy spectra under the assumption of full decoupling between fragment formation and energy dissipated in different degrees of freedom. Thermal kinetic energy is determined uniquely while for freeze-out volume - collective energy a multiple solution is obtained. Coherence between the solutions of the break-up restoration algorithm and the predictions of a multifragmentation model with identical definition of primary fragments is regarded as a way to select the true value. The broad kinetic energy spectrum of 3^3He is consistent with break-up genesis of this isotope.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

    Estimate of average freeze-out volume in multifragmentation events

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    An estimate of the average freeze-out volume for multifragmentation events is presented. Values of volumes are obtained by means of a simulation using the experimental charged product partitions measured by the 4pi multidetector INDRA for 129Xe central collisions on Sn at 32 AMeV incident energy. The input parameters of the simulation are tuned by means of the comparison between the experimental and simulated velocity (or energy) spectra of particles and fragments.Comment: To be published in Phys. Lett. B 12 pages, 5 figure

    Isospin diffusion in semi-peripheral 58Ni^{58}Ni + 197Au^{197}Au collisions at intermediate energies (I): Experimental results

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    Isospin diffusion in semi-peripheral collisions is probed as a function of the dissipated energy by studying two systems 58Ni^{58}Ni + 58Ni^{58}Ni and 58Ni^{58}Ni + 197Au^{197}Au, over the incident energy range 52-74\AM. A close examination of the multiplicities of light products in the forward part of phase space clearly shows an influence of the isospin of the target on the neutron richness of these products. A progressive isospin diffusion is observed when collisions become more central, in connection with the interaction time
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