Principales cambios en la epidemiología de las enfermedades infecciosas en el mundo

ResumenEste trabajo revisa el concepto y el impacto de las nuevas enfermedades infecciosas y las razones para su emergencia; a partir de ahí, describe algunas estrategias para su control. Entre estas medidas se encuentra, en primer lugar. el fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud pública, como la vigilancia epidemiológica y los laboratorios de salud pública, que permitan identificar nuevos brotes y nuevas enfermedades infecciosas. En segundo lugar la difusión rápida de los conocimientos generados, hasta las personas encargadas del control de enfermedades. En tercer lugar, la promoción de la investigación en este campo y la formación de personal especializado. Dentro de la investigación es prioritario el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas, potencialmente útiles también para el control de las enfermedades crónicas, consideradas hasta ahora como no infecciosas (úlceras péptica, coronariopatías, etcétera). Por último, se recomienda un “nuevo abordaje epidemiológico”, que integre los aspectos médicos y sociales de las enfermedades. Este abordaje es además el que permite la necesaria colaboración con los profesionales de otros campos, como la inmunología, la microbiología, la clínica y las ciencias sociales.SummaryThis paper reviews the concept and impact of new infectious diseases and the reasons for their emergence; taking that as a start, it describes some strategies to control them. Among these measures we can find, firstly, the strengthening of public health services, such as epidemiological surveillance and public health laboratories, which allow us to identify new outbreaks and new infectious diseases. Secondly, the quick spread of the knowledge that is generated towards the people who are in charge of the control of diseases, and thirdly, the promotion of research in this field and the training of specialized staff. In the field of research, priority is given to the development of new vaccinations that are potentially useful for the control of chronic diseases which were considered until now as non-infectious (peptic ulcer, coronarypathies, etc.). Finally, a new epidemiological approach which integrates medical and social aspects of diseases is advised. Besides, this approach is what allows the necessary collaboration with professionals from other fields, such as immunology, microbiology, clinics and social sciences

Simulating accelerated atoms coupled to a quantum field

We show an analogy between static quantum emitters coupled to a single mode of a quantum field and accelerated Unruh-DeWitt detectors. We envision a way to simulate a variety of relativistic quantum field settings beyond the reach of current computational power, such as high number of qubits coupled to a quantum field following arbitrary non-inertial trajectories. Our scheme may be implemented with trapped ions and circuit QED set-ups.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, revtex 4-

Effective coping with cyberbullying in boys and girls: the mediating role of self-awareness, responsible decision-making, and social support

There is sufficient evidence on the negative consequences of cyberbullying victimisation depending on the coping styles. Social support seeking is among the most effective strategies for coping with cybervictimisation, but it is scarcely used. The robust Maximum Likelihood (ML) method was used to test the potential mediating role of individual (self-awareness, and responsible decision-making) and contextual variables (self-perceived parental and peer support) in the relationship between cybervictimisation and social support seeking in boys and girls. This cross-sectional study collected data from 1,276 Spanish secondary school students (51.2% boys, 48.8% girls) aged 11-18 (M = 13.88, SD = 1.42). Structural equation modelling (SEM) results pointed out responsible decision-making and self-perceived parental support as relevant mediating factors for girls. By contrast, the model was not significant for boys. These findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual variables in helping adolescents cope with cyberaggressions, considering gender differences

Role of prethymic cells in acquisition of self-tolerance

The sequential character of T-lymphocyte development as it pertains to the stage at which self-tolerance is acquired was investigated. Three phases were studied, defined here as prethymic, intrathymic, and postthymic as determined by the timing of thymus implantation. The model utilized was the temporal pattern of skin graft rejection in thymusless BALB/c nude mice implanted with allogeneic, C57BL/6J, or syngeneic thymuses before or after skin grafting; in some instances, F(1) hybrid spleen cells were also given to newborns or young adults. These experiments in nude mice showed that, (a) self-tolerance could be established despite the absence of the host’s own haplotype in the implanted thymus; (b) recently emigrated postthymic cells could already discriminate self from non-self; (c) specific neonatal tolerance could be induced in nudes by inoculation of F(1) hybrid cells; (d) nudes showed a higher capacity for induction of neonatal tolerance than did normal littermates. These findings indicate that the process of self-tolerance in the T cell's lineage begins during the prethymic state early in ontogeny

Life-Cycle Assessment and Acoustic Simulation of Drywall Building Partitions with Bio-Based Materials

[EN] The ecological transition is a process the building industry is bound to undertake. This study aimed to develop new bio-based building partition typologies and to determine if they are suitable ecological alternatives to the conventional non-renewable ones used today. This work started with the development of a bio-based epoxy composite board and a waste-based sheep wool acoustic absorbent. Six different partition typologies combining conventional and bio-based materials were analyzed. A drywall partition composed of gypsum plasterboard and mineral wool was used as the baseline. First, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment was performed to compare their environmental impacts. Secondly, a mathematical simulation was performed to evaluate their airborne acoustic insulation. The LCA results show a 50% decrease in the amount of CO(2)equivalent emitted when replacing plasterboard with bio-composite boards. The bio-composites lower the overall environmental impact by 40%. In the case of the acoustic absorbents, replacing the mineral wool with cellulose or sheep wool decreases the carbon emissions and the overall environmental impact of the partition from 4% and 6%, respectively. However, while the bio-based acoustic absorbents used offer good acoustic results, the bio-composites have a lower airborne acoustic insulation than conventional gypsum plasterboard.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (BIA2013-41537-R). The project was co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund and it is included in the R+D National Programme for Research Aimed at the Challenges of Society.Quintana-Gallardo, A.; Alba, J.; Rey Tormos, RMD.; Crespo, J.; Guillén Guillamón, IE. (2020). Life-Cycle Assessment and Acoustic Simulation of Drywall Building Partitions with Bio-Based Materials. Polymers. 12(9):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091965S11612

Incidencia de comunicación bucosinusal tras la extracción de 389 terceros molares superiores

Introducción. La incidencia de las comunicaciones bucosinusales (CBS) tras la extracción del tercer molar superior no se conoce con exactitud. Objetivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la incidencia de las CBS tras la extracción de 389 cordales superiores realizadas durante el año 2003 en el Máster de Cirugía Bucal e Implantología Bucofacial de la Universidad de Barcelona. Material y método. Se registraron diversas variables con el fin de determinar la relación de la extracción del tercer molar con la incidencia de las CBS: la edad y el sexo del paciente, la angulación del cordal, la técnica quirúrgica y la sospecha radiológica de proximidad con el seno maxilar. Resultados. Únicamente el 5.1% (IC 95%: 2.2-7.3%) de las extracciones quirúrgicas de los cordales superiores provocaron una CBS. El riesgo de producir una CBS fue similar en todos los grupos de edad, y aumentó con la profundidad de inclusión del tercer molar, la complejidad de la técnica quirúrgica y al efectuar ostectomía.Introduction. The incidence of oral sinus communications (OSC) following the extraction of an upper third molar remains uncertain. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of OSC following the extraction of 389 consecutive upper third molars during 2003 in the Master of Oral Surgery and Orofacial Implantology (Barcelona University, Spain). Patients and method. Different variables were recorded, including patient age, sex, molar angulation, surgical technique and radiological sinus proximity, to determine the relation between third molar extraction and the incidence of OSC. Results. Only 5.1% (95% CI: 2.2-7.3%) of the upper molar surgical extractions produced OSC, the risk of which was found to be similar in all age groups and increased with the depth of third molar inclusion, the complexity of the surgical technique and the performance of an ostectom

Incidence of oral sinus communications in 389 upper third molar extraction

Introducción. La incidencia de las comunicaciones bucosinusales (CBS) tras la extracción del tercer molar superior no se conoce con exactitud. Objetivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la incidencia de las CBS tras la extracción de 389 cordales superiores realizadas durante el año 2003 en el Máster de Cirugía Bucal e Implantología Bucofacial de la Universidad de Barcelona. Material y método. Se registraron diversas variables con el fin de determinar la relación de la extracción del tercer molar con la incidencia de las CBS: la edad y el sexo del paciente, la angulación del cordal, la técnica quirúrgica y la sospecha radiológica de proximidad con el seno maxilar. Resultados. Únicamente el 5.1% (IC 95%: 2.2-7.3%) de las extracciones quirúrgicas de los cordales superiores provocaron una CBS. El riesgo de producir una CBS fue similar en todos los grupos de edad, y aumentó con la profundidad de inclusión del tercer molar, la complejidad de la técnica quirúrgica y al efectuar ostectomía

Spectral-analysis-surface-waves-method in ground characterization

The prediction of train induced vibration levels in structures close to railway tracks before track construction starts is important in order to avoid having to implement costly mitigation measures afterwards. The used models require an accurate characterization of the propagation medium i.e. the soil layers. To this end the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method has been chosen among the active surface waves techniques available. As dynamic source a modal sledge hammer has been used. The generated vibrations have been measured at known offsets by means of several accelerometers. There are many parameters involved in estimating the experimental dispersion curve and, later on, thickness and propagation velocities of the different layers. Tests have been carried out at the Segovia railway station. Its main building covers some of the railway tracks and vibration problems in the building should be avoided. In the paper these tests as well as the influence of several parameters on the estimated soil profile will be detailed