Pengaruh Harga Tembakau Internasional, Jumlah Produksi Domestik Dan Nilai Tukar Terhadap Nilai Ekspor Tembakau Indonesia (Studi Ekspor Tembakau Indonesia Tahun 1985-2014)

The main objective of this study is to understand and to explain the influence of International tobacco prices, number of domestic production and exchange rate against Indonesian tobacco export value. This type of research study is explanatory research with quantitative approach. This study used secondary data time series from the years from 1985 to 2014. Data was analyzed further by multiple linear regression analysis with the support of IBM SPSS Statistics program 20. The results of this study Is, International tobacco prices, number of domestic production and exchange rate simultaneous affected the value of Indonesia's tobacco exports significantly. Partial test in this research study showed that the International tobacco prices, number of domestic production and the exchange rate significantly affected of Indonesia tobacco exports value. Based on the results, it is recommended for Indonesia to sign and participate in FCTC Treaty in order to protect the tobacco industry in the country and improve the competitiveness of Indonesia tobacco in in the global market

Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO_2 concentrations during the Palaeozoic era

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations seem to have been several times modern levels during much of the Palaeozoic era (543–248 million years ago), but decreased during the Carboniferous period to concentrations similar to that of today. Given that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that surface temperatures were significantly higher during the earlier portions of the Palaeozoic era. A reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperatures based on the δ^(18)O of carbonate fossils indicates, however, that the magnitude of temperature variability throughout this period was small, suggesting that global climate may be independent of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Here we present estimates of sea surface temperatures that were obtained from fossil brachiopod and mollusc shells using the 'carbonate clumped isotope' method—an approach that, unlike the δ^(18)O method, does not require independent estimates of the isotopic composition of the Palaeozoic ocean. Our results indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures were significantly higher than today during the Early Silurian period (443–423 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been relatively high, and were broadly similar to today during the Late Carboniferous period (314–300 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been similar to the present-day value. Our results are consistent with the proposal that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations drive or amplify increased global temperatures

Brachiopod-based oxygen-isotope thermometer: Update and review

In the early 1950\u2019s, McCrea and Epstein and co-workers laid the foundation for the oxygen isotope-based thermometers. Many variations of the thermometer have been since formulated based on synthetic and biogenic carbonates. Overall, the use and application of oxygen isotope thermometers must consider and be specific as to the mineralogy, and whether it is synthetic, abiogenic or biogenic carbonate. Here, we propose an updated and refined oxygen-isotope thermometer based on a large database of articulated brachiopods from high to low latitudes, cold to warm and shallow to deep-water regimes. In general, brachiopod-based oxygen isotopes are offset from abiogenic calcite precipitated in thermodynamic equilibrium by about -1 . They maintain this offset and that allows for the determination of robust ambient water temperatures over the full marine spectrum. Thus, the specific brachiopod-based oxygen-isotope thermometer applies, with few exceptions, to most modern articulated brachiopods, and potentially their ancient counterparts, and it is as follows: T\ub0C =17.3750 \u2013 4.2535 (\u3b4c-\u3b4w) + 0.1473 (\u3b4c-\u3b4w)2 (N=578, r2 = 0.980) Furthermore, it is imperative that mineralogy and taxa be considered for their appropriateness in the application of oxygen isotope thermometers on synthetic, abiogenic and biogenic marine carbonates. Articulated brachiopods are ideal recorders of oceanographic parameters due to their sessile nature, widespread distribution, high abundance in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, high resilience to most environmental stresses (e.g., climate change - global warming, ocean acidification), and the resistance of the calcite shell \u2013 the archive \u2013 to post-depositional diagenetic alteration

Symmetrical nine-phase drives with a single neutral-point: common-mode voltage analysis and reduction

Power converters generate switching common mode voltage (CMV) through the pulse width modulation (PWM). Several problems occur in the drive systems due to the generated CMV. These problems can be dangerous to the insulation and bearings of the electric machine windings. In recent years, many modulation methods have been developed to reduce the CMV in multiphase machines. Symmetrical nine-phase machines with single-neutral are considered in this paper. In this case, conventional PWM uses eight active vectors of different magnitudes in combination with two zero states in a switching cycle, and this generates maximum CMV. This paper proposes two PWM schemes to reduce the CMV in such a system. The first scheme is called active zero state (AZS). It replaces the zero vectors with suitable opposite active vectors. The second scheme uses ten large active vectors during switching and is called SVM-10L. Compared with conventional strategies, the AZS reduces the peak CMV by 22.2%, and the SVM-10L reduces the peak CMV by 88.8%. Moreover, this paper presents a carrier-based implementation of the proposed schemes to simplify the implementation. The proposed schemes are assessed using simulations and experimental studies for an induction motor load under different case studies

Tibio-femoral joint constraints for bone pose estimation during movement using multi-body optimization

The financial support of the Universita'Italo-Francese (Call Vinci) and of the Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences of the University of Rome ''Foro Italico'' is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Sophie Lacoste for her technical support and John McCamley for his contribution to the refinement of the manuscriptWhen using skin markers and stereophotogrammetry for movement analysis, bone pose estimation may be performed using multi-body optimization with the intent of reducing the effect of soft tissue artefacts. When the joint of interest is the knee, improvement of this approach requires defining subject-specific relevant kinematic constraints. The aim of this work was to provide these constraints in the form of plausible values for the distances between origin and insertion of the main ligaments (ligament lengths), during loaded healthy knee flexion, taking into account the indeterminacies associated with landmark identification during anatomical calibration. Ligament attachment sites were identified through virtual palpation on digital bone templates. Attachments sites were estimated for six knee specimens by matching the femur and tibia templates to low-dose stereoradiography images. Movement data were obtained using stereophotogrammetry and pin markers. Relevant ligament lengths for the anterior and posterior cruciate, lateral collateral, and deep and superficial bundles of the medial collateral ligaments (ACL, PCL, LCL, MCLdeep, MCLsup) were calculated. The effect of landmark identification variability was evaluated performing a Monte Carlo simulation on the coordinates of the origin-insertion centroids. The ACL and LCL lengths were found to decrease, and the MCLdeep length to increase significantly during flexion, while variations in PCL and MCLsup length was concealed by the experimental indeterminacy. An analytical model is given that provides subject-specific plausible ligament length variations as functions of the knee flexion angle and that can be incorporated in a multi-body optimization procedure