Histopathology of the thymus of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum

We report on the histopathological changes occurring in the thymus of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum. Coho salmon were intraperitoneally infected, and the thymi were collected weekly from 1 to 7 wk post-infection, and processed for ultrastructural study. The thymus appeared to be infected only in fish collected at 6 and 7 wk post-infection. The first stage of the infection was characterized by the presence of a low number of bacteria scattered in the connective tissue of the capsule. Further progression of the thymic infection was characterized by the rupture of the capsular-thymic barrier, and by the bacterial colonization of the subcapsular and inner zones of the parenchyma, where the bacteria were located mainly in macrophages, but also apparently in pale reticular-epithelial cells and in thymocytes. Other reticular-epithelial cells, and the vascular trabeculae, remained free of R. salmoninarun during the initial stages of the infection. In severely infected thymi, necrosis of the parenchyma of the subcapsular and inner zones, and bacterial invasion of the trabeculae occurred. The integrity of the pharyngeal epithelium covering the thymus was not affected during the infection

Diabetes Mellitus in Peru

BackgroundPeru is an upper medium-income developing country with an increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, including diabetes.ObjectiveTo review and describe the epidemiology, drivers, and diabetes care plan in Peru.MethodsThe medical literature was reviewed based on systematic searching of PubMed, Scielo, and various gray literature from the International Diabetes Federation, World Health Organization, and local Peruvian agencies.FindingsIn Peru, diabetes affects 7% of the population. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 96.8% of outpatients visits with this condition. Type 1 diabetes has an incidence of 0.4/100,000 per year, and gestational diabetes affects 16% of pregnancies. The prevalence of glucose intolerance is 8.11% and that of impaired fasting glucose 22.4%. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in adults is 34.7%, 17.5%, and 25%, respectively. Metabolic syndrome prevalence is greater in women and the elderly and at urban and low-altitude locations. Diabetes is the eighth cause of death, the sixth cause of blindness, and the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease and nontraumatic lower limb amputation. In Peru, diabetes accounts for 31.5% of acute myocardial infarctions and 25% of strokes. Infections, diabetic emergencies, and cardiovascular disorders are the main causes for admissions, with a mortality rate ConclusionsDiabetes is a major health care issue in Peru that exposes difficult challenges and shortcomings. The national strategy for tackling diabetes includes promotion of healthy lifestyles; training primary care physicians and providing them with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, safe and effective medications, and tools for monitoring treatment; and, finally, construction of a comprehensive health care network for early referral in order to prevent, detect, and treat diabetic complications

Histopathology of the renal and splenic haemopoietic tissues of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum

We report the histopathological changes occurring in the renal and splenic haemopoietic tissues of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally infected with renibacterium salmoninarum. In both tissues we were able by light microscopy to distinguish 3 different grades in the progression of the infection. The grades of infection were characterized according to the location of the bacteria and the tissue injuries. Ultrastructural observation revealed sinusoidal cells, macrophages, reticular and barrier cells to be infected by the pathogen, and necrosis of the tissue to be general in advanced stages of the infection. Despite destruction of the haemopoietic tissue, plasmacytopoietic foci were frequently observed in both organs. Other major changes were the appearance of epithelioid cells and an increase in the number of barrier cells. These 2 cell types might be involved in the local defence response to the pathogen, but they may also act as a reservoir and proliferation locus for R. salmoninarum

Hemi-Synthesis and Anti-Oomycete Activity of Analogues of Isocordoin

Indexación: Web of Science; Scopus.An efficient synthesis of a series of 4-oxyalkyl-isocordoin analogues (2–8) is reported for the first time. Their structures were confirmed by1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and HRMS. Their anti-oomycete activity was evaluated by mycelium and spores inhibition assay against two selected pathogenic oomycetes strains: Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia australis. The entire series of isocordoin derivatives (except compound 7) showed high inhibitory activity against these oomycete strains. Among them, compound 2 exhibited strong activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum oomyceticidal concentration (MOC) values of 50 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that 4-oxyalkylated analogues of isocordoin could be potential anti-oomycete agents.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/6/96

Postural evaluation and balance analysis in nordic skiing beginners

Se trata de un estudio de diseño transversal con evaluación del control postural antes-después de un curso de iniciación al esquí nórdico (5 jornadas, 6h/día), a un grupo experimental de 25 sujetos, participantes de la formación, y un grupo control de 8 sujetos. Se pretende evaluar el efecto de un entrenamiento inicial de esquí nórdico sobre el control postural en jóvenes deportistas. La estabilidad corporal se evaluó por medio de un test estabilométrico, calculando el área de desviación del centro de presiones por medio de una plataforma de fuerzas con sensores electrónicos. No se aprecian diferencias significativas en el grado de mejora del equilibrio entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control. Nuevos estudios con una mayor exigencia en la formación en esquí nórdico y un mayor número de sujetos en el grupo control son requeridosCross-sectional study with evaluation of postural control before and after a course of initiation to Nordic skiing (5 days, 6 hours per day). The sample consisted of an experimental group of 25 subjects participated in the training and a control group of 8 subjects. It is intended to evaluate the effect of initial training of Nordic skiing on postural control in young athletes. The physical stability was evaluated by a stabilometric test, calculating the deviation of the area of the center of pressures by the use of a force platform with electronic sensors. No significant differences were observed in the degree of improvement of the balance between the experimental group and the control group. New studies with a greater emphasis on training in Nordic skiing and a greater number of subjects in the control group are require

Patrones reproductivos en la altura: ¿hipoxia o regulación cultural?

Descripción de las características reproductivas en la altura basada en los datos recogidos en 1988-99 en 10 comunidades Aymará que viven a una altura promedio de 4000m en el Altiplano Boliviano. Se registraron las historias reproductivas de 868 mujeres casadas, la población femenina total, de las cuales 359 tenían entre 45 años y mas. El modelo reproductivo se presenta con un comienzo tardío de la fertilidad, y un comienzo tardío de los embarazos, asociado con un corto periodo reproductivo y con amplios intervalos entre nacimientos. Estas características podrían ilustrar las disminuciones de los procesos de fecundidad o fertilidad por hipoxia. Sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales explicarían la tardía edad a la menopausia de jóvenes rurales comparadas a jóvenes urbanas, mientras que la edad al primer nacimiento puede depender más de un control cultural. El corto periodo reproductivo parece resultar de un amplio intervalo promedio entre el ultimo nacimiento y la menopausia, determinado esencialmente por decisiones culturales. Los intervalos entre nacimientos, más largos que en muchas sociedades tradicionales, podrían ilustrar una recuperación más lenta de la fecundabilidad post-partum inducida por la hipoxia, pero la dura forma de vida en el Altiplano (bajas condiciones sanitarias y nutricionales y alta carga de trabajo) podría también explicarlo. Por un lado la existencia de control de nacimientos, y por otro la tasa de fertilidad de 6 nacimientos vivos entre las parejas que no practican contracepción, son además argumentos en contra la hipótesis que sostiene que la fecundidad puede estar afectada por la hipoxia en estos grupos Aymará.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin

Gene Duplication and Dosage Effects During The Early Emergence of C4 Photosynthesis in The Grass Genus <i>Alloteropsis</i>

The importance of gene duplication for evolutionary diversification has been mainly discussed in terms of genetic redundancy allowing neofunctionalization. In the case of C4 photosynthesis, which evolved via the co-option of multiple enzymes to boost carbon fixation in tropical conditions, the importance of genetic redundancy has not been consistently supported by genomic studies. Here, we test for a different role for gene duplication in the early evolution of C4 photosynthesis, via dosage effects creating rapid step changes in expression levels. Using genome-wide data for accessions of the grass genus Alloteropsis that recently diversified into different photosynthetic types, we estimate gene copy numbers and demonstrate that recurrent duplications in two important families of C4 genes coincided with increases in transcript abundance along the phylogeny, in some cases via a pure dosage effect. While increased gene copy number during the initial emergence of C4 photosynthesis probably offered a rapid route to enhanced expression, we also find losses of duplicates following the acquisition of genes encoding better-suited isoforms. The dosage effect of gene duplication might therefore act as a transient process during the evolution of a C4 biochemistry, rendered obsolete by the fixation of regulatory mutations increasing expression levels

In Vitro and In Situ Characterization of Fish Thymic Nurse Cells

We present an enzyme- and immuno-cytochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of trout thymic nurse cells (TNCs). Our data suggest that isolated trout thymic multicellular complexes are epithelial cells with acidic compartments that may be involved in the processing of antigens and in the generation of the MHC-II proteins that these cell express, and also that isolated TNCs are the In Vitro equivalent of the pale and intermediate electronlucent epithelial cells located in the inner zone of the trout thymus, constituting indirect evidence of the phylogenetical relationships of the inner zone of the teleost thymus with the thymic cortex of higher vertebrates

Influence of ozonation processes on the microbial degradation of surfactants

The influence of ozonation of aqueous solutions of non-ionic surfactants was investigated in this study. The research was conducted using solutions of amine oxide based surfactants. These surfactants constitute a particular class of non-ionic surfactants that exhibit cationic behaviour in acid solution, they show good foaming properties and are skin compatible. The ozonation process was carried out at 25ºC in a stirred tank reactor for 30 min, where gaseous ozone was bubbled. The degree of mineralization achieved after the ozonation process was evaluated by measuring the total organic carbon before and after ozonation. The influence of ozonation on biodegradability of the solutions was studied using the biodegradation test by Pseudomonas putida. Biodegradation efficiency of the ozonated amine oxides based surfactants was also evaluated. It was found that the effectiveness of ozonation depended on the chemical structure of surfactant molecule. Ozonation only slightly improved biodegradation of these surfactants