Representation of British Society in paintings of the British Industrial Revolution

Abstract. This thesis examines how the Industrial Revolution was perceived and presented in British art of the Industrial Revolution. This is done by analysing selected paintings of the Industrial Revolution by painters who are considered to be among the most influential figures in British art, these being Joseph Wright of Derby, J.M.W. Turner and Ford Madox Brown. The three painters in question represent different stages of the Industrial Revolution, with Wright of Derby presenting its infancy, Turner presenting its peak and Madox Brown presenting its after-effects. The analysis of their works is supplemented with historical perspectives of the Industrial Revolution by both historians and polemic writers and artists. The paintings chosen for analysis are selected according to their relevance to the Industrial Revolution, with their cultural significance being considered as well. The study is focused on social developments over the course of the Industrial Revolution, and so the ways in which the Industrial Revolution changed and shaped British society are key elements in the analysis. The historical perspectives maintain that while the Industrial Revolution brought advancements in industry and transportation, it also led to working people living destitute lives, and it also caused immense pollution in urban areas, thus causing an increase in death rate in Britain. The polemic views claim that the Industrial Revolution caused the decline of the British countryside and led to the negligence of natural beauty to facilitate the increase of factories. The people who worked in factories had very limited options in their life, as their managers largely had complete control over them, and could thus abuse their workforce to optimise production. The analysis found that the advancements of the Industrial Revolution were initially viewed with optimistic inquisitiveness along with feelings of wariness owing to the uncertainties regarding the advancements which were yet to come. Later on, the advancements became a regular part of life so that even wary observers adapted to them and altered their ways of thinking. Eventually the advancements led to the differences between social classes increasing, causing unemployment and general hardship among the working class. Industrialisation ultimately shaped British society so that it changed irrevocably, and common people ended up in a predicament where they had to adapt to the changes in the world they knew, regardless of how they felt about the changes in question.Tiivistelmä. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten teollinen vallankumous ilmeni vallankumouksenaikaisessa brittiläisessä kuvataiteessa ja millä tavoin siihen suhtauduttiin. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan valittuja maalauksia, joiden tekijöitä pidetään Brittiläisen taiteen tärkeimpinä edustajina. Kyseiset taiteilijat, Joseph Wright of Derby, J.M.W. Turner sekä Ford Madox Brown, edustavat teollisen vallankumouksen eri vaiheita. Wright of Derby edustaa vallankumouksen alkuvaiheita, Turner sen huippua ja Madox Brown sen jälkivaikutuksia. Historioitsijoiden sekä vallankumouksenaikaisten kirjailijoiden ja taiteilijoiden näkemykset tukevat maalausten analysointia. Tutkimusaineistona olevat maalaukset on valittu niiden kulttuurisen arvon sekä sen perusteella, miten paljon ne ovat yhteydessä teolliseen vallankumoukseen. Tutkielma keskittyy yhteiskunnassa tapahtuneisiin muutoksiin teollisen vallankumouksen aikana, joten teollisen vallankumouksen vaikutukset brittiläiseen yhteiskuntaan ovat tärkeässä osassa tässä tutkielmassa. Historiallisten näkökulmien mukaan teollinen vallankumous johti teollisuuden ja kulkuneuvojen kehitykseen, mutta aiheutti myös köyhyyttä ja kaupunkialueiden saastumista, mitkä puolestaan johtivat kuolleisuusasteen nousuun Britanniassa. Kirjailijoiden ja taiteilijoiden mielestä teollinen vallankumous aiheutti brittiläisen maaseudun alasajon ja johti teollisuuden leviämisen kautta yleiseen välinpitämättömyyteen luonnon suhteen. Tehtaissa työskentelevillä ihmisillä oli erittäin vähän valinnanvapauksia, sillä työnjohtajilla oli heihin suhteessa täysi ylivalta, ja he saattoivat väärinkäyttää valtaansa tuoton maksimoimiseksi. Analyysin kautta selvisi, että teollisen vallankumouksen tuomiin muutoksiin suhtauduttiin aluksi optimistisen uteliaasti ja toisaalta tulevaisuuden epävarmuuksien vuoksi varovaisesti. Myöhemmin näistä muutoksista tuli tavallinen osa elämää, ja näin varovaisemmatkin ihmiset sopeutuivat niihin ja muokkasivat omia ajatusmaailmojaan. Nämä muutokset lopulta johtivat luokkaerojen kasvamiseen, mikä puolestaan johti varsinkin työnväenluokan työttömyyteen. Teollistuminen muutti brittiläistä yhteiskuntaa pysyvästi, ja tavallinen kansa joutui tilanteeseen, jossa heidän täytyi sopeutua siihen, että heidän tuntemansa maailma muuttui riippumatta siitä, miten he itse suhtautuivat näihin muutoksiin

Complement C3 variant and the risk of age-related macular degeneration

Background: Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in Western populations. Susceptibility is influenced by age and by genetic and environmental factors. Complement activation is implicated in the pathogenesis.Methods: We tested for an association between age-related macular degeneration and 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the complement genes C3 and C5 in case subjects and control subjects from the southeastern region of England. All subjects were examined by an ophthalmologist and had independent grading of fundus photographs to confirm their disease status. To test for replication of the most significant findings, we genotyped a set of Scottish cases and controls.Results: The common functional polymorphism rs2230199 (Arg80Gly) in the C3 gene, corresponding to the electrophoretic variants C3S (slow) and C3F (fast), was strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration in both the English group (603 cases and 350 controls, P=5.9 x 10(sup -5)) and the Scottish group (244 cases and 351 controls, P=5.0 x 10(sup -5)). The odds ratio for age-related macular degeneration in C3 S/F heterozygotes as compared with S/S homozygotes was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 2.1); for F/F homozygotes, the odds ratio was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.6 to 4.1). The estimated population attributable risk for C3F was 22%.Conclusions: Complement C3 is important in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. This finding further underscores the influence of the complement pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease

Constraining the conditions of phosphogenesis : stable isotope and trace element systematics of Recent Namibian phosphatic sediments

This study was supported by the Estonian Science Agency project PRG447 and the Estonian Centre of Analytical Chemistry. K. Paiste was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894831. We would also like to thank the organizers and participants of the Regional Graduate Network in Oceanography Discovery Camp 2015, funded by the Agouron Institute and the Scientific Committee for Oceanographic Research (SCOR), as well as the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources and the captain and crew of R/V Mirabilis for access to the coring site.Modern phosphogenesis occurs on continental margins influenced by upwelling and high primary productivity. The formation of phosphatic sediments is coupled to global climate fluctuations, biological cycling of phosphorus and local redox conditions. Although the processes involved in phosphogenesis are well described, high-resolution data on the redox and stable isotope systematics in Recent in-situ phosphorites are scarce. In this contribution, we investigate the trace element and sulfur, nitrogen and organic carbon stable isotope composition of Recent in-situ phosphatic sediments off the coast of Namibia. Also, we examine the reliability of different widely used geochemical proxies in phosphatic sediments. Our results suggest a shift from sulfidic to suboxic conditions, coinciding with the maximum in solid calcium phosphate mineral concentration. This shift is accompanied by unidirectional changes in Mo and Re enrichments and TOC abundance. Relatively low pyrite δ34S values (ca -20‰) of phosphatic sediments indicate open system fractionation during phosphogenesis. The initiation of phosphogenesis is also accompanied by negative shifts in sedimentary δ13Corg and δ15N values. Phosphate associated sulfate (PAS) δ34S values are lower than modern seawater sulfate values, suggesting the involvement of chemolithotrophic sulfur oxidation. Our results show a shift in redox conditions from sulfidic to (sub)oxic, coupled with active sulfur cycling are prerequisites for phosphogenesis. Phosphatic sediments show substantial enrichments in U and V highlighting the complexity of using these elements, as well as V/(V+Ni) and V/Cr, as redox proxies particularly in phosphorites and phosphatic sediments.PostprintPostprintPeer reviewe

Peculiarities of synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the lungs during experimental development of distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was reproduced in nonlinear male rats by intratracheal instillation of 45—55 thousand, lysate rat neutrophils (method patented in RF); the control group was injected with saline solution. The animals were taken from the experiment at 1, 3 and 6 days, the expression of matrix metallopro-teinase-9 (MMP-9) by cells of the lungs was determined, by immunohistochemistry at each days. The expression of MMP-9 was found in neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelium and. type 2 alveolocytes in the both groups. In the control group the expression, of MMP-9 was found equally low in the all cells, except type 2 alveolocytes. It was decreased in type 2 alveolocytes on day 6. A significant increase in the expression of MMP-9 was found in neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts endothelium and type 2 alveolocytes in the exudative stage of ARDS. In the proliferative stage the expression of MMP-9 was high in all the cells, decreasing only in type 2 alveolocytes. In the fibrotic stage of expression of MMP-9 returned to the level of the control group in macrophages, type 2 alveolocytes, the endothelium; in neutrophils and fibroblasts it remained high

The role of HSP-70 in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome induced by influenza pneumonia

Lung paraffin sections of 35 died during the epidemic of influenza A/H1N1 of 2009-2010 in Zabaikalskiy krai were investigated. Exudative stage was diagnosed, in 10 cases, proliferative stage - in 16 cases and fibrotic stage of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed in 9 cases at the autopsy. Expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) by cells of the lungs was determined in sections by immunohistochemistry. We revealed that HSP-70 is expressed by neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and alveolocytes type 1 and. 2. It was found that regardless of the stage of ARDS the highest expression of HSP-70 was realized by neutrophils, the lowest - by the endothelium alveolocytes type 2 and. fibroblasts. HSP-70 expression in neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and. alveolocytes type 1 was the same in all stages of ARDS. In alveolocytes type 2 in exudative and. proliferative phases it was lower than at the development of fibrosis. We concluded that one of the mechanisms of developments of acute lungs injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome at influenza pneumonia is comparatively low synthesis of HSP-70 by endotheliocytes of lung capillary and. alveolocytes type 2

Generalized pricing formulas for stochastic volatility jump diffusion models applied to the exponential Vasicek model

Path integral techniques for the pricing of financial options are mostly based on models that can be recast in terms of a Fokker-Planck differential equation and that, consequently, neglect jumps and only describe drift and diffusion. We present a method to adapt formulas for both the path-integral propagators and the option prices themselves, so that jump processes are taken into account in conjunction with the usual drift and diffusion terms. In particular, we focus on stochastic volatility models, such as the exponential Vasicek model, and extend the pricing formulas and propagator of this model to incorporate jump diffusion with a given jump size distribution. This model is of importance to include non-Gaussian fluctuations beyond the Black-Scholes model, and moreover yields a lognormal distribution of the volatilities, in agreement with results from superstatistical analysis. The results obtained in the present formalism are checked with Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 tabl

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal stem cell transition in a human organ: Lessons from Lichen Planopilaris

YesEpithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for embryonic development and wound healing, and occurs in fibrotic disease and carcinoma. Here, we show that EMT also occurs within the bulge, the epithelial stem cell (eSC) niche of human scalp hair follicles, during the inflammatory permanent alopecia, lichen planopilaris. We show that a molecular EMT signature can be experimentally induced in healthy human eSCs in situ by antagonizing E-cadherin, combined with transforming growth factor-β1, epidermal growth factor, and IFN-γ administration, which to our knowledge has not been reported previously. Moreover, induction of EMT within primary human eSCs can be prevented and even partially reversed ex vivo by peroxisome proliferator−activated receptor-γ agonists, likely through suppression of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. Furthermore, we show that peroxisome proliferator−activated receptor-γ agonists also attenuates the EMT signature even in lesional lichen planopilaris hair follicles ex vivo. We introduce lichen planopilaris as a model disease for pathological EMT in human adult eSCs, report a preclinical assay for therapeutically manipulating eSC EMT within a healthy human (mini-)organ, and show that peroxisome proliferator−activated receptor-γ agonists are promising agents for suppressing and partially reversing EMT in human hair follicles eSCs ex vivo, including in lichen planopilaris

Development of Agricultural Market and Trade Policies in the CEE Candidate Countries.

This synthesis report focuses on the evolution of agricultural market and trade policies in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) candidate countries in the period 1997 to 2001. The developments were crucially influenced by (OECD, 2000a): ⢠the situation in world agricultural markets; ⢠the overall macroeconomic development in the countries considered; ⢠the prospective EU accession; ⢠bringing domestic agricultural policy in line with the Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). High 1997 agricultural prices on world commodity markets were followed by a marked depression in 1998. With the exemption of milk products this trend continued in 1999. Likewise the economic and financial crisis in Russia had a considerable impact on agricultural policies. It hit the regions´ exports resulting in a decline in industrial as well as agricultural output1. Thus, compared to the previous years most of the CEE candidate countries experienced a slow down or even negative rates of growth in their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1998 and 1999. In addition those countries felt increased budgetary pressures. Agricultural market and trade policies largely reacted to these developments. Border protection was increased in many countries in 1998. This was combined in some cases with export subsidies, and ad hoc producer aids to mitigate the adverse effects. The prospect of EU accession also had an influence on the agricultural policy design in the region with many countries implementing EU-type policy instruments. Thus, the importance of per hectare and per head payments increased in the region, quota like measures were implemented in some countries and as part of this development Estonia introduced tariffs for agro-food imports. Finally, many countries also continued to adjust their policies to comply with their commitments agreed to in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Despite these general tendencies there are also differences in the development of agricultural policies between the various CEE candidates. Chapter 2 therefore provides an overview of the changes of agricultural market and trade policies in each of the 10 accession countries. It addresses the policy issues market access (e.g. tariffs, special safeguard measures), export subsidies (value and quantities) and domestic support (intervention policies, direct payments, input subsidies, production quotas). Chapter 3 provides a brief assessment of recent policy developments in the region in the light of EU accession and WTO commitments. The development of prices and values, e.g. export subsidies, agricultural support expenditure, were presented in the background papers provided by the country experts in current prices in national currencies. In this synthesis report they are in addition converted in Euro. This firstly allows for a better comparison among the CEE candidate countries as well as between those countries and the EU. Some of the accession countries still suffer from high inflation and thus a strong depreciation of their currency. Thus secondly, the conversion to Euros allows the comparisons to be made in real terms.Industrial Organization, International Development, Productivity Analysis,

Assessing the role of EO in biodiversity monitoring: options for integrating in-situ observations with EO within the context of the EBONE concept

The European Biodiversity Observation Network (EBONE) is a European contribution on terrestrial monitoring to GEO BON, the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network. EBONE’s aims are to develop a system of biodiversity observation at regional, national and European levels by assessing existing approaches in terms of their validity and applicability starting in Europe, then expanding to regions in Africa. The objective of EBONE is to deliver: 1. A sound scientific basis for the production of statistical estimates of stock and change of key indicators; 2. The development of a system for estimating past changes and forecasting and testing policy options and management strategies for threatened ecosystems and species; 3. A proposal for a cost-effective biodiversity monitoring system. There is a consensus that Earth Observation (EO) has a role to play in monitoring biodiversity. With its capacity to observe detailed spatial patterns and variability across large areas at regular intervals, our instinct suggests that EO could deliver the type of spatial and temporal coverage that is beyond reach with in-situ efforts. Furthermore, when considering the emerging networks of in-situ observations, the prospect of enhancing the quality of the information whilst reducing cost through integration is compelling. This report gives a realistic assessment of the role of EO in biodiversity monitoring and the options for integrating in-situ observations with EO within the context of the EBONE concept (cfr. EBONE-ID1.4). The assessment is mainly based on a set of targeted pilot studies. Building on this assessment, the report then presents a series of recommendations on the best options for using EO in an effective, consistent and sustainable biodiversity monitoring scheme. The issues that we faced were many: 1. Integration can be interpreted in different ways. One possible interpretation is: the combined use of independent data sets to deliver a different but improved data set; another is: the use of one data set to complement another dataset. 2. The targeted improvement will vary with stakeholder group: some will seek for more efficiency, others for more reliable estimates (accuracy and/or precision); others for more detail in space and/or time or more of everything. 3. Integration requires a link between the datasets (EO and in-situ). The strength of the link between reflected electromagnetic radiation and the habitats and their biodiversity observed in-situ is function of many variables, for example: the spatial scale of the observations; timing of the observations; the adopted nomenclature for classification; the complexity of the landscape in terms of composition, spatial structure and the physical environment; the habitat and land cover types under consideration. 4. The type of the EO data available varies (function of e.g. budget, size and location of region, cloudiness, national and/or international investment in airborne campaigns or space technology) which determines its capability to deliver the required output. EO and in-situ could be combined in different ways, depending on the type of integration we wanted to achieve and the targeted improvement. We aimed for an improvement in accuracy (i.e. the reduction in error of our indicator estimate calculated for an environmental zone). Furthermore, EO would also provide the spatial patterns for correlated in-situ data. EBONE in its initial development, focused on three main indicators covering: (i) the extent and change of habitats of European interest in the context of a general habitat assessment; (ii) abundance and distribution of selected species (birds, butterflies and plants); and (iii) fragmentation of natural and semi-natural areas. For habitat extent, we decided that it did not matter how in-situ was integrated with EO as long as we could demonstrate that acceptable accuracies could be achieved and the precision could consistently be improved. The nomenclature used to map habitats in-situ was the General Habitat Classification. We considered the following options where the EO and in-situ play different roles: using in-situ samples to re-calibrate a habitat map independently derived from EO; improving the accuracy of in-situ sampled habitat statistics, by post-stratification with correlated EO data; and using in-situ samples to train the classification of EO data into habitat types where the EO data delivers full coverage or a larger number of samples. For some of the above cases we also considered the impact that the sampling strategy employed to deliver the samples would have on the accuracy and precision achieved. Restricted access to European wide species data prevented work on the indicator ‘abundance and distribution of species’. With respect to the indicator ‘fragmentation’, we investigated ways of delivering EO derived measures of habitat patterns that are meaningful to sampled in-situ observations