438 research outputs found
Confirmation of beach accretion by grain-size trend analysis: Camposoto beach, CĂĄdiz, SW Spain
An application of the grain size trend analysis
(GSTA) is used in an exploratory approach to characterize
sediment transport on Camposoto beach (CĂĄdiz, SW Spain).
In May 2009 the mesotidal beach showed a well-developed
swash bar on the upper foreshore, which was associated
with fair-weather conditions prevailing just before and during
the field survey. The results were tested by means of an
autocorrelation statistical test (index I of Moran). Two sedimentological
trends were recognized, i.e. development towards
finer, better sorted and more negatively skewed
sediment (FBâ), and towards finer, better sorted and less
negatively or more positively skewed sediment (FB+). Both
vector fields were compared with results obtained from
more classical approaches (sand tracers, microtopography
and current measurements). This revealed that both trends
can be considered as realistic, the FB+ trend being identified
for the first time in a beach environment. The data demonstrate
that, on the well-developed swash bar, sediment
transported onshore becomes both finer and better sorted
towards the coast. On the lower foreshore, which exhibits a
steeper slope produced by breaking waves, the higherenergy
processes winnow out finer particles and thereby
produce negatively skewed grain-size distributions. The upper
foreshore, which has a flatter and smoother slope, is
controlled by lower-energy swash-backwash and overwash
processes. As a result, the skewness of the grain-size distributions
evolves towards less negative or more positive
values. The skewness parameter appears to be distributed
as a function of the beach slope and, thus, reflects variations
in hydrodynamic energy. This has novel implications for
coastal management
Risk of HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma during the first months after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy
Reply to J.J. Muñoz-Perez et al. Comments on âConfirmation of beach accretion by grain-size trend analysis: Camposoto beach, CĂĄdiz, SWSpainâ by E. Poizot et al. (2013) Geo-Marine Letters 33(4)
In a novel finding for a beach environment, Poizot
et al. (2013) identified an FB+ trend (sediments becoming
finer, better sorted and more positively skewed upshore) on a
well-developed swash bar on the upper foreshore of the
Camposoto beach of CĂĄdiz in SW Spain. In their Discussion
of that paper, Muñoz-Perez et al. (2014) provide some
supporting arguments and also report grain-size, beach profile
and other data from nearby beaches which differ from those of
Poizot and colleagues for Camposoto beach, pointing out that
a trend observed on one beach may not apply to a
neighbouring beach. However, even though the absolute
values differ, the overall trends actually do show the same
general behaviour. In our Reply to their comments, we also
address some difficulties in comparing granulometric datasets
generated by different analytical techniques
Primary liver cancer is more aggressive in HIV-HCV coinfection than in HCV infection. A prospective study (ANRS CO13 Hepavih and CO12 Cirvir)
OBJECTIVE: Since HAART, primary liver cancer has emerged as an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. Our aim was to compare characteristics and outcome of primary liver cancer according to HIV status in HCV cirrhotic patients submitted to periodic ultrasonographic surveillance.
METHODS: All patients with primary liver cancer and cirrhosis were selected from two prospective cohorts (ANRS CO12 Cirvir, viral cirrhosis, n=1081; ANRS CO13 Hepavih, HIV-HCV coinfection, n=1175). Cirrhosis was diagnosed by liver biopsy in monoHCV group and biopsy and/or non-invasive tests in HIV-HCV group. Ultrasonographic surveillance was performed every 6 months. Diagnosis of primary liver cancer was established according to EASL-AASLD guidelines.
RESULTS: Primary liver cancer was diagnosed in 32 patients, 16 in each group, and corresponded to hepatocellular carcinoma in all except for two cholangiocarcinomas in HIV-HCV patients. Ultrasonographic follow-up was similar (median time since last ultrasonographic without focal lesion: 237 days in HIV-HCV group (n=12) versus 208 days in HCV group, NS). At primary liver cancer diagnosis HIV-HCV patients were markedly younger (48 vs. 60 yrs, P<0.001), primary liver cancer was more advanced in HIV-HCV patients (single nodule: 43% vs. 75%, P=0.07; mean diameter of main nodule: 24 vs. 16 mm, P=0.006; portal obstruction: 3 vs. 0). Curative treatment was performed in four HIV-HCV patients versus 11 HCV patients (P=0.017). During follow-up, 10 HIV-HCV patients died versus only one HCV patient (P=0.0005).
CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests more aggressiveness for tumors in HIV infected patients and, if confirmed, could result in shortening the length between ultrasonographic examinations
CD4/CD8 Ratio and the Risk of Kaposi Sarcoma or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Context of Efficiently Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: A Collaborative Analysis of 20 European Cohort Studies
BACKGROUND: A persistently low CD4/CD8 ratio has been reported to inversely correlate with the risk of non-AIDS defining cancer in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) efficiently treated by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We evaluated the impact of the CD4/CD8 ratio on the risk of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), still among the most frequent cancers in treated PLWH. METHODS: PLWH from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) were included if they achieved virological control (viral loadâ
â€â
500 copies/mL) within 9 months following cART and without previous KS/LNH diagnosis. Cox models were used to identify factors associated with KS or NHL risk, in all participants and those with CD4â
â„â
500/mm3 at virological control. We analyzed the CD4/CD8 ratio, CD4 count and CD8 count as time-dependent variables, using spline transformations. RESULTS: We included 56 708 PLWH, enrolled between 2000 and 2014. At virological control, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) CD4 count, CD8 count, and CD4/CD8 ratio were 414 (296-552)/mm3, 936 (670-1304)/mm3, and 0.43 (0.28-0.65), respectively. Overall, 221 KS and 187 NHL were diagnosed 9 (2-37) and 18 (7-42) months after virological control. Low CD4/CD8 ratios were associated with KS risk (hazard ratio [HR]â
=â
2.02 [95% confidence interval {CIâ
} =â
1.23-3.31]) when comparing CD4/CD8â
=â
0.3 to CD4/CD8â
=â
1) but not with NHL risk. High CD8 counts were associated with higher NHL risk (HRâ
=â
3.14 [95% CIâ
=â
1.58-6.22]) when comparing CD8â
=â
3000/mm3 to CD8â
=â
1000/mm3). Similar results with increased associations were found in PLWH with CD4â
â„â
500/mm3 at virological control (HRâ
=â
3.27 [95% CIâ
=â
1.60-6.56] for KS; HRâ
=â
5.28 [95% CIâ
=â
2.17-12.83] for NHL). CONCLUSIONS: Low CD4/CD8 ratios and high CD8 counts despite effective cART were associated with increased KS/NHL risks respectively, especially when CD4â
â„â
500/mm3
High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink
The ever-increasing demands for advanced lithium-ion batteries have greatly stimulated the quest for robust electrodes with a high areal capacity. Producing thick electrodes from a high-performance active material would maximize this parameter. However, above a critical thickness, solution-processed films typically encounter electrical/mechanical problems, limiting the achievable areal capacity and rate performance as a result. Herein, we show that two-dimensional titanium carbide or carbonitride nanosheets, known as MXenes, can be used as a conductive binder for silicon electrodes produced by a simple and scalable slurry-casting technique without the need of any other additives. The nanosheets form a continuous metallic network, enable fast charge transport and provide good mechanical reinforcement for the thick electrode (up to 450â”m). Consequently, very high areal capacity anodes (up to 23.3âmAh cmâ2) have been demonstrated
Week 48 resistance analyses of the once-daily, single-tablet regimen darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) in adults living with HIV-1 from the Phase III Randomized AMBER and EMERALD Trials
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) 800/150/200/10 mg is being investigated in two Phase III trials, AMBER (NCT02431247; treatment-naive adults) and EMERALD (NCT02269917; treatment-experienced, virologically suppressed adults). Week 48 AMBER and EMERALD resistance analyses are presented. Postbaseline samples for genotyping/phenotyping were analyzed from protocol-defined virologic failures (PDVFs) with viral load (VL) >= 400 copies/mL at failure/later time points. Post hoc analyses were deep sequencing in AMBER, and HIV-1 proviral DNA from baseline samples (VL = 3 thymidine analog-associated mutations (24% not fully susceptible to tenofovir) detected at screening. All achieved VL <50 copies/mL at week 48 or prior discontinuation. D/C/F/TAF has a high genetic barrier to resistance; no darunavir, primary PI, or tenofovir RAMs were observed through 48 weeks in AMBER and EMERALD. Only one postbaseline M184I/V RAM was observed in HIV-1 of an AMBER participant. In EMERALD, baseline archived RAMs to darunavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir in participants with prior VF did not preclude virologic response
Week 96 efficacy and safety results of the phase 3, randomized EMERALD trial to evaluate switching from boosted-protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to the once daily, single-tablet regimen of darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) in treatment-experienced, virologically-suppressed adults living with HIV-1
Altres ajuts: This study was sponsored by Janssen.Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) 800/150/200/10 mg was investigated through 96 weeks in EMERALD (NCT02269917). Virologically-suppressed, HIV-1-positive treatment-experienced adults (previous non-darunavir virologic failure [VF] allowed) were randomized (2:1) to D/C/F/TAF or boosted protease inhibitor (PI) plus emtricitabine/tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate (F/TDF) over 48 weeks. At week 52 participants in the boosted PI arm were offered switch to D/C/F/TAF (late-switch, 44 weeks D/C/F/TAF exposure). All participants were followed on D/C/F/TAF until week 96. Efficacy endpoints were percentage cumulative protocol-defined virologic rebound (PDVR; confirmed viral load [VL] â„50 copies/mL) and VL < 50 copies/mL (virologic suppression) and â„50 copies/mL (VF) (FDA-snapshot analysis). Of 1141 randomized patients, 1080 continued in the extension phase. Few patients had PDVR (D/C/F/TAF: 3.1%, 24/763 cumulative through week 96; late-switch: 2.3%, 8/352 week 52-96). Week 96 virologic suppression was 90.7% (692/763) (D/C/F/TAF) and 93.8% (330/352) (late-switch). VF was 1.2% and 1.7%, respectively. No darunavir, primary PI, tenofovir or emtricitabine resistance-associated mutations were observed post-baseline. No patients discontinued for efficacy-related reasons. Few discontinued due to adverse events (2% D/C/F/TAF arm). Improved renal and bone parameters were maintained in the D/C/F/TAF arm and observed in the late-switch arm, with small increases in total cholesterol/high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio. A study limitation was the lack of a control arm in the week 96 analysis. Through 96 weeks, D/C/F/TAF resulted in low PDVR rates, high virologic suppression rates, very few VFs, and no resistance development. Late-switch results were consistent with D/C/F/TAF week 48 results. EMERALD week 96 results confirm the efficacy, high genetic barrier to resistance and safety benefits of D/C/F/TAF
The French national prospective cohort of patients co-infected with HIV and HCV (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH): Early findings, 2006-2010
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In France, it is estimated that 24% of HIV-infected patients are also infected with HCV. Longitudinal studies addressing clinical and public health questions related to HIV-HCV co-infection (HIV-HCV clinical progression and its determinants including genetic dimension, patients' experience with these two diseases and their treatments) are limited. The ANRS CO 13 HEPAVIH cohort was set up to explore these critical questions.</p> <p>To describe the cohort aims and organization, monitoring and data collection procedures, baseline characteristics, as well as follow-up findings to date.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Inclusion criteria in the cohort were: age > 18 years, HIV-1 infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or sustained response to HCV treatment. A standardized medical questionnaire collecting socio-demographic, clinical, biological, therapeutic, histological, ultrasound and endoscopic data is administered at enrolment, then every six months for cirrhotic patients or yearly for non-cirrhotic patients. Also, a self-administered questionnaire documenting socio-behavioral data and adherence to HIV and/or HCV treatments is administered at enrolment and yearly thereafter.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 1,175 patients were included from January 2006 to December 2008. Their median age at enrolment was 45 years and 70.2% were male. The median CD4 cell count was 442 (IQR: 304-633) cells/ÎŒl and HIV RNA plasma viral load was undetectable in 68.8%. Most participants (71.6%) were on HAART. Among the 1,048 HIV-HCV chronically co-infected patients, HCV genotype 1 was predominant (56%) and cirrhosis was present in 25%. As of January, 2010, after a median follow-up of 16.7 months (IQR: 11.3-25.3), 13 new cases of decompensated cirrhosis, nine hepatocellular carcinomas and 20 HCV-related deaths were reported, resulting in a cumulative HCV-related severe event rate of 1.9/100 person-years (95% CI: 1.3-2.5). The rate of HCV-related severe events was higher in cirrhotic patients and those with a low CD4 cells count, but did not differ according to sex, age, alcohol consumption, CDC clinical stage or HCV status.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ANRS CO 13 HEPAVIH is a nation-wide cohort using a large network of HIV treatment, infectious diseases and internal medicine clinics in France, and thus is highly representative of the French population living with these two viruses and in care.</p
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