Capital's Utopia

In the 1890s the Apollo Iron and Steel Company ended a bitterly contested labor dispute by hiring replacement workers from the surrounding countryside. To avoid future unrest, however, the company sought to gain tighter control over its workers not only at the factory but also in their homes. Drawing upon a philosophy of reform movements in Europe and the United States, the firm decided that providing workers with good housing and a good urban environment would make them more loyal and productive. In 1895, Apollo Iron and Steel built a new, integrated, non-unionized steelworks and hired the nation's preeminent landscape architectural firm (Olmsted, Olmsted, and Eliot) to design the model industrial town: Vandergrift.In Capital's Utopia: Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, 1855-1916, Anne E. Mosher offers the first comprehensive geographical overview of the industrial restructuring of an American steelworks and its workforce in the late nineteenth–century. In addition, by offering a thorough analysis of the Olmsted plan, Mosher integrates historical geography and labor history with landscape architectural history and urban studies. As a result, this book is far more than a case study. It is a window into an important period of industrial development and its consequences on communities and environments in the world-famous steel country of southwestern Pennsylvania

Lessons in Access to Justice: Racialized Youths in Ontario\u27s Safe Schools

Access to justice is often equated with access to institutionalized dispute resolution processes, and the objective barriers that hinder such access-costs and delay most particularly-are commonly identified as the primary objects of reform efforts. In sharp contrast, when interviews and focus groups were conducted with racialized youths in Toronto regarding their experiences of access to justice in the context of school disciplinary matters, accounts of access to dispute resolution processes being impeded by costs and delay did not figure prominently. The interviews and focus groups revealed that many racialized youths scarcely ever considered accessing institutionalized dispute resolution processes largely because they lacked information that would enable them to name a potential legal problem, believed that blaming a powerful state actor was futile or would provoke retaliation, and had a deep skepticism regarding the ability of the legal system to dispense justice when claims are made. For the youths, understanding (as opposed to stereotyping), mutual respect, second chances, and the rule of law were the key features of access to justice

Legal Education: Nemesis or Ally of Social Movements?

There is much in legal education which contributes to lawyering practices that are fundamentally at odds with the formation of social movements. These practices include the individualization of client problems; the reshaping of the realities of clients\u27 lives into legal categories or boxes; the commitment to instrumentalism (that is, to securing a favourable legal result); and lawyer domination and control and the correlates of client silence and passivity. The genesis for these features of dominant lawyering practices can be traced, at least in part, to legal education. More specifically, legal education\u27s emphasis upon doctrinal analysis, its tendency to trade upon an existing stock of legal categories or stories, and the relative inattention paid to fundamental critiques of the status quo contribute to these lawyering practices

Accessing Justice Amid Threats of Contagion

Plans to prepare for a global pandemic have proliferated in recent years, and “legal preparedness” has emerged as a critical component of such plans. Commonly, the threat of disease is analogized to terrorism and recast as an issue of national security. In this framing, laws authorizing surveillance, containment, and forced treatment are understood as necessary. Law’s promise of protection against abuses in the exercise of such powers through procedural rights of review offers meagre comfort for critics concerned that individual liberties will readily yield to national security and public health in the context of an actual pandemic. An alternative framing shifts the focus to marginalized populations and existing disparities that account for the markedly disparate impacts of disasters. In shifting the frame, a broader conceptualization of law’s role emerges, one in which the redistribution of the burden of pandemics and access to the social determinants of health become central

College Intervention Programs and their Effects on the Physical Health of College Students

Obesity and poor health rates in this country have been a problem for years and there has been much research to show how physical activity can be a solution for this problem. Much research has been done on physical activity programs and their benefits to different populations, but specifically not much has been done in the question of college students. During these years\u27 adolescents are vulnerable to weight gain and negative health outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this synthesis was to review the literature on college physical activity programs and the – physical health benefits for college students. Research has shown that college intervention programs have helped to change student\u27s nutrition behaviors but has failed to have an effect on physical activity behaviors or weight loss. With that being said, there needs to be further work done in regards to finding factors that create the most efficient program that can successfully increase student’s physical activity and decrease their weight giving the student a healthy life at school and for their future

A theoretical approach to the determination of magnetic torques by near field measurement

Theoretical approach to determination of magnetic torques on orbiting spacecraft by near-field measuremen