63 research outputs found
On the formation of oxygen-neon white dwarfs in close binary systems
The evolution of a star of initial mass 10 , and metallicity in a Close Binary System (CBS) is followed from its main sequence until
an ONe degenerate remnant forms. Restrictions have been made on the
characteristics of the companion as well as on the initial orbital parameters
in order to avoid the occurrence of reversal mass transfer before carbon is
ignited in the core. The system undergoes three mass loss episodes. The first
and second ones are a consequence of a case B Roche lobe overflow. During the
third mass loss episode stellar winds may play a role comparable to, or even
more important than Roche lobe overflow. In this paper, we extend the
previously existing calculations of stars of intermediate mass belonging to
close binary systems by following carefully the carbon burning phase of the
primary component. We also propose different possible outcomes for our scenario
and discuss the relevance of our findings. In particular, our main result is
that the resulting white dwarf component of mass more likely has
a core composed of oxygen and neon, surrounded by a mantle of carbon-oxygen
rich material. The average abundances of the oxygen-neon rich core are , , and . This result has important consequences for the Accretion
Induced Collapse scenario. The average abundances of the carbon-oxygen rich
mantle are , and . The existence of
this mantle could also play a significant role in our understanding of
cataclysmic variables.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&
The Evolution of Massive Stars. I. Red Supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
We investigate the red supergiant (RSG) content of the SMC and LMC using
multi-object spectroscopy on a sample of red stars previously identified by
{\it BVR} CCD photometry. We obtained high accuracy ( km s) radial
velocities for 118 red stars seen towards the SMC and 167 red stars seen
towards the LMC, confirming most of these (89% and 95%, respectively) as red
supergiants (RSGs). Spectral types were also determined for most of these RSGs.
We find that the distribution of spectral types is skewed towards earlier type
at lower metallicities: the average (median) spectral type is K5-7 I in the
SMC, M1 I in the LMC, and M2 I in the Milky Way. We argue that RSGs in the
Magellanic Clouds are 100deg (LMC) and 300deg (SMC) cooler than Galactic RSGs
of the same spectral type. We compare the distribution of RSGs in the H-R
diagram to that of various stellar evolutionary models; we find that none of
the models produce RSGs as cool and luminous as what is actually observed. In
all of our H-R diagrams, however, there is an elegant sequence of decreasing
effective temperatures with increasing luminosities; explaining this will be an
important test of future stellar evolutionary models.Comment: Version with eps figures embedded can be obtained from
ftp://ftp.lowell.edu/pub/massey/rsgs.ps.gz Accepted by the Astronomical
Journa
Cepheid Mass-loss and the Pulsation -- Evolutionary Mass Discrepancy
I investigate the discrepancy between the evolution and pulsation masses for
Cepheid variables. A number of recent works have proposed that non-canonical
mass-loss can account for the mass discrepancy. This mass-loss would be such
that a 5Mo star loses approximately 20% of its mass by arriving at the Cepheid
instability strip; a 14Mo star, none. Such findings would pose a serious
challenge to our understanding of mass-loss. I revisit these results in light
of the Padova stellar evolutionary models and find evolutionary masses are
()% greater than pulsation masses for Cepheids between 5<M/Mo<14. I
find that mild internal mixing in the main-sequence progenitor of the Cepheid
are able to account for this mass discrepancy.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, ApJ accepte
Tomographic Separation of Composite Spectra. IX. The Massive Close Binary HD 115071
We present the first orbital elements for the massive close binary, HD
115071, a double-lined spectroscopic binary in a circular orbit with a period
of 2.73135 +/- 0.00003 days. The orbital semiamplitudes indicate a mass ratio
of M_2/M_1 = 0.58 +/- 0.02 and yet the stars have similar luminosities. We used
a Doppler tomography algorithm to reconstruct the individual component optical
spectra, and we applied well known criteria to arrive at classifications of
O9.5 V and B0.2 III for the primary and secondary, respectively. We present
models of the Hipparcos light curve of the ellipsoidal variations caused by the
tidal distortion of the secondary, and the best fit model for a Roche-filling
secondary occurs for an inclination of i = 48.7 +/- 2.1 degrees. The resulting
masses are 11.6 +/- 1.1 and 6.7 +/- 0.7 solar masses for the primary and
secondary, respectively, so that both stars are very overluminous for their
mass. The system is one of only a few known semi-detached, Algol-type binaries
that contain O-stars. We suggest that the binary has recently emerged from
extensive mass transfer (possibly through a delayed contact and common envelope
process).Comment: Submitted to Ap
Suzaku observations of the HMXB 1A 1118-61
We present broad band analysis of the Be/X-ray transient 1A 1118-61 by Suzaku
at the peak of its 3rd observed outburst in January 2009 and 2 weeks later when
the source flux had decayed by an order of magnitude. The continuum was modeled
with a \texttt{cutoffpl} model as well as a compTT model, with both cases
requiring an additional black body component at lower energies. We confirm the
detection of a cyclotron line at ~5 keV and discuss the possibility of a first
harmonic at ~110 keV. Pulse profile comparisons show a change in the profile
structure at lower energies, an indication for possible changes in the
accretion geometry. Phase resolved spectroscopy in the outburst data show a
change in the continuum throughout the pulse period. The decrease in the CRSF
centroid energy also indicates that the viewing angle on the accretion column
is changing throughout the pulse period.Comment: accepted by Ap
On the formation of Super-AGB stars in intemediate mass close binary systems
The evolution of a star of initial mass 9 M_s, and Z = 0.02 in a Close Binary
System is followed in the presence of different mass companions in order to
study their influence on the final evolutionary stages and, in particular, on
the structure and composition of the remnant components. We study two extreme
cases. In the first one the mass of the secondary is 8 M_s, whereas in the
second one the mass was assumed to be 1 M_s. For the first of those cases we
have also explored the possible outcomes of both conservative and
non-conservative mass-loss episodes. During the first mass transfer episode,
several differences arise between the models. The system with the more extreme
mass ratio is not able to survive the 1st. Roche lobe overflow, and spiral-in
of the secondary onto the envelope of the primary is most likely. The system
formed by two stars of comparable mass undergoes two mass transfer episodes in
which the primary is the donor. We have performed two sets of calculations
corresponding to this case in order to account for conservative and
non-conservative mass transfer during the first mass loss episode. One of our
main results is that for the non-conservative case the secondary becomes a
Super-AGB. Such a star undergoes a final dredge-up episode, similar to that of
a single star of comparable mass. The primary components do not undergo a
Super-AGB phase, but instead a carbon-oxygen white dwarf is formed in both
cases, before reversal mass transfer occurs. However, given the extreme mass
ratios at this stage between the components of the binary system, the
possibility of merger episodes remains likely. We also discuss the presumable
final outcomes of the system and possible observational counterparts.Comment: 10 pages, 12figures, accepted for publication in A&
Efficiency of mass transfer in massive close binaries, Tests from double-lined eclipsing binaries in the SMC
One of the major uncertainties in close binary evolution is the efficiency of
mass transfer beta: the fraction of transferred mass that is accreted by a
secondary star. We attempt to constrain the mass-transfer efficiency for
short-period massive binaries undergoing case A mass transfer.
We present a grid of about 20,000 detailed binary evolution tracks with
primary masses 3.5-35 Msun, orbital periods 1-5 days at a metallicity Z=0.004,
assuming both conservative and non-conservative mass transfer. We perform a
systematic comparison, using least-squares fitting, of the computed models with
a sample of 50 double-lined eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud,
for which fundamental stellar parameters have been determined. About 60% of the
systems are currently undergoing slow mass transfer.
In general we find good agreement between our models and the observed
detached systems. However, for many of the semi-detached systems the observed
temperature ratio is more extreme than our models predict. For the 17
semi-detached systems that we are able to match, we find a large spread in the
best fitting mass-transfer efficiency; no single value of beta can explain all
systems. We find a hint that initially wider systems tend to fit better to less
conservative models. We show the need for more accurate temperature
determinations and we find that determinations of surface abundances of
nitrogen and carbon can potentially constrain the mass-transfer efficiency
further.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A 15/03/2007, 16 page
Limits from the Hubble Space Telescope on a Point Source in SN 1987A
We observed supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) with the Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1999 September, and
again with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the HST in 2003 November.
No point source is observed in the remnant. We obtain a limiting flux of F_opt
< 1.6 x 10^{-14} ergs/s/cm^2 in the wavelength range 2900-9650 Angstroms for
any continuum emitter at the center of the supernova remnant (SNR). It is
likely that the SNR contains opaque dust that absorbs UV and optical emission,
resulting in an attenuation of ~35% due to dust absorption in the SNR. Taking
into account dust absorption in the remnant, we find a limit of L_opt < 8 x
10^{33} ergs/s. We compare this upper bound with empirical evidence from point
sources in other supernova remnants, and with theoretical models for possible
compact sources. Bright young pulsars such as Kes 75 or the Crab pulsar are
excluded by optical and X-ray limits on SN 1987A. Of the young pulsars known to
be associated with SNRs, those with ages < 5000 years are all too bright in
X-rays to be compatible with the limits on SN 1987A. Examining theoretical
models for accretion onto a compact object, we find that spherical accretion
onto a neutron star is firmly ruled out, and that spherical accretion onto a
black hole is possible only if there is a larger amount of dust absorption in
the remnant than predicted. In the case of thin-disk accretion, our flux limit
requires a small disk, no larger than 10^{10} cm, with an accretion rate no
more than 0.3 times the Eddington accretion rate. Possible ways to hide a
surviving compact object include the removal of all surrounding material at
early times by a photon-driven wind, a small accretion disk, or very high
levels of dust absorption in the remnant.Comment: 40 pages, 5 figures. AAStex. Accepted, ApJ 04/28/200
New Models for Wolf-Rayet and O Star Populations in Young Starbursts
Using the latest stellar evolution models, theoretical stellar spectra, and a
compilation of observed emission line strengths from Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, we
construct evolutionary synthesis models for young starbursts. We explicitly
distinguish between the various WR subtypes (WN, WC, WO), and we treat O and Of
stars separately. We provide detailed predictions of UV and optical emission
line strengths for both the WR stellar lines and the major nebular hydrogen and
helium emission lines, as a function of several input parameters related to the
starburst episode. We also derive the theoretical frequency of WR-rich
starbursts. We then discuss: nebular HeII 4686 emission, the contribution of WR
stars to broad Balmer line emission, techniques used to derive the WR and O
star content from integrated spectra, and explore the implications of the
formation of WR stars through mass transfer in close binary systems in
instantaneous bursts. The observational features predicted by our models allow
a detailed quantitative determination of the massive star population in a
starburst region (particularly in so-called "WR galaxies") from its integrated
spectrum and provide a means of deriving the burst properties (e.g., duration,
age) and the parameters of the initial mass function of young starbursts.
(Abridged abstract)Comment: Accepted by ApJ Supplements. LaTeX using aasmp4, psfigs macros. 49
pages including 23 figures. Paper (full, or text/figures separated) and
detailed model results available at
http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/starburst/sv97.htm
Detached double-lined eclipsing binaries as critical tests of stellar evolution : Age and metallicity determinations from the HR diagram
Detached, double-lined spectroscopic binaries which are also eclipsing
provide the most accurate determinations of stellar mass, radius, temperature
and distance-independent luminosity for each of their individual components,
and hence constitute a stringent test of single-star stellar evolution theory.
We compile a large sample of 60 non interacting, well-detached systems mostly
with typical errors smaller than 2% for mass and radius and smaller than 5% for
effective temperature, and compare them with the properties predicted by
stellar evolutionary tracks from a minimization method. To assess the
systematic errors introduced by a given set of tracks, we compare the results
obtained using three widely-used independent sets of tracks, computed with
different physical ingredients (the Geneva, Padova and Granada models). We also
test the hypothesis that the components of these systems are coeval and have
the same metallicity, and compare the derived ages and metallicities with the
ones obtained by fitting a single isochrone to the system. Overall, there is a
good agreement among the different determinations, and we provide a
comprehensive discussion on the sub-sample of systems which either present
problems or have estimated metallicities. Although within the errors the
published tracks can fit most of the systems, a large degeneracy between age
and metallicity remains. The power of the test is thus limited because the
metallicities of most of the systems are unknown.Comment: 33 pages, 25 figures, Astronomy & Astrophysics, in pres
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