Vanhemman kiintymyskäyttäytymisen merkitys kiintymyssuhteen rakentumisessa

Tiivistelmä. Kiintymyssuhde on mielenkiintoinen ja monialainen aihe, jota tarkastelen käyttäytymisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimukseni on toteutettu traditionaalisena kirjallisuuskatsauksena, jossa olen käyttänyt tutkimuskirjallisuutta 1960-luvulta lähtien aina uusimpiin tutkimuksiin. Olen käyttänyt pääasiallisesti tutkimukseni teoreettisen viitekehyksen pohjana John Bowlbyn kehittämää kiintymyssuhdeteoriaa, jonka määritelmiä ja asiasisältöjä olen verrannut uudempiin tutkimuksiin ja tutkimuskirjallisuuteen. Käsittelen tutkimuksessani vanhemman kiintymyskäyttäytymisen merkitystä kiintymyssuhteelle, joka rakentuu lapsen ja vanhemman välille. Kiintymyskäyttäytymisen merkitys kiintymyssuhteelle on ollut aina hyvin merkittävää, myös uudemmat tutkimukset vahvistavat aikaisempien tutkimuksien ja kirjallisuuden tuloksia. Kasvatusmallit ovat kiintymyskäyttäytymisen havainnoinnin ja analysoinnin mahdollistaja. Kasvatusmallien avulla tarkastelen kiintymyskäyttäytymisen vaikutuksia ja merkittävyyttä turvallisen tai turvattoman kiintymyssuhdetyypin rakentumiseen. Tutkimukseni tulosten perusteella havaitsin vanhemman auktoritatiivisen kasvatusmallin kiintymyskäyttäytymisen muotojen olevan vahvasti yhteydessä turvallisen kiintymyssuhteen rakentumiseen. Turvattoman kiintymyssuhteen rakentumiseen korreloivat vahvasti autoritaarisen- ja sosiaalisesti epäkypsän kasvatusmallin kiintymyskäyttäytymisen mallit. Kasvatusmallit eivät kuitenkaan toteudu täydellisinä arjen tilanteissa, joten vanhemman kiintymyskäyttäytymisen mallin johdonmukaisuus ja jatkuvuus ovat suuressa osassa määrittämässä turvallisen- tai turvattoman kiintymyssuhteen rakentumista.Importance of parent’s attachment behavior in attachment. Abstract. Attachment is an interesting and multidisciplinary topic, which I will look at from a behavioral perspective. My research has been conducted as a traditional literature review, using research literature from the 1960s to the most recent studies. I have mainly used John Bowlby’s attachment theory as the theoretical framework for my research and have compared its definitions and substantive content with more recent studies and research literature. In my research, I discuss the importance of parental attachment behaviour for the attachment between child and parent. The importance of attachment behaviour for the attachment has always been very significant, but more recent studies confirmed the findings of earlier studies. Observational models of attachment behaviour have been developed to examine the effects and significance of attachment behaviour on the construction of secure or insecure attachments. The results of my study revealed that attachment behaviours of the authoritative parenting model are strongly correlated with the formation of secure attachment, whereas attachment behaviours of the authoritarian and premissive parenting models are correlated with the formation of insecure attachment. The parenting models are by no means perfect, so the consistency and continuity of the parent’s attachment behaviour model plays a large role in determining whether the attachment relationship is secure or insecure

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in children with Alport syndrome: effect on urinary albumin, TGF-β, and nitrite excretion

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are routinely prescribed to patients with chronic kidney disease because of their known renoprotective effects. We evaluated the effect of short-term therapy with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, in early Alport syndrome, defined as disease duration less than 10 years and a normal glomerular filtration rate. METHODS: 11 children with early Alport syndrome were investigated. Two consecutive early morning urine specimens were collected at the start of the study for measurement of urinary creatinine, total protein, albumin, TGF-β, and nitrite excretion. Patients were treated with enalapril, ≅ 0.2 mg/kg/day, once a day for 14 days. Two early morning urine specimens were collected on days 13 and 14 of enalapril treatment and two weeks later for measurement of urinary creatinine, total protein, albumin, TGF-β, and nitrite excretion. RESULTS: Prior to treatment, urinary excretion of transforming growth factor-β and nitrite, the major metabolite of nitric oxide, was within normal limits in all patients. Administration of enalapril for 2 weeks did not alter urinary albumin, transforming growth factor-β, or nitrite excretion. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that early Alport syndrome represents a disease involving exclusively intrinsic glomerular barrier dysfunction. At this stage of the illness, there is no evidence of angiotensin II-mediated proteinuria or increased production of transforming growth factor-β and, therefore, routine treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may not be warranted

Combined effects of human pressures on Europe’s marine ecosystems

Marine ecosystems are under high demand for human use, giving concerns about how pressures from human activities may affect their structure, function, and status. In Europe, recent developments in mapping of marine habitats and human activities now enable a coherent spatial evaluation of potential combined effects of human activities. Results indicate that combined effects from multiple human pressures are spread to 96% of the European marine area, and more specifically that combined effects from physical disturbance are spread to 86% of the coastal area and 46% of the shelf area. We compare our approach with corresponding assessments at other spatial scales and validate our results with European-scale status assessments for coastal waters. Uncertainties and development points are identified. Still, the results suggest that Europe’s seas are widely disturbed, indicating potential discrepancy between ambitions for Blue Growth and the objective of achieving good environmental status within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Large-scale data integration framework provides a comprehensive view on glioblastoma multiforme

Background: Coordinated efforts to collect large-scale data sets provide a basis for systems level understanding of complex diseases. In order to translate these fragmented and heterogeneous data sets into knowledge and medical benefits, advanced computational methods for data analysis, integration and visualization are needed.Methods: We introduce a novel data integration framework, Anduril, for translating fragmented large-scale data into testable predictions. The Anduril framework allows rapid integration of heterogeneous data with state-of-the-art computational methods and existing knowledge in bio-databases. Anduril automatically generates thorough summary reports and a website that shows the most relevant features of each gene at a glance, allows sorting of data based on different parameters, and provides direct links to more detailed data on genes, transcripts or genomic regions. Anduril is open-source; all methods and documentation are freely available.Results: We have integrated multidimensional molecular and clinical data from 338 subjects having glioblastoma multiforme, one of the deadliest and most poorly understood cancers, using Anduril. The central objective of our approach is to identify genetic loci and genes that have significant survival effect. Our results suggest several novel genetic alterations linked to glioblastoma multiforme progression and, more specifically, reveal Moesin as a novel glioblastoma multiforme-associated gene that has a strong survival effect and whose depletion in vitro significantly inhibited cell proliferation. All analysis results are available as a comprehensive website.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that integrated analysis and visualization of multidimensional and heterogeneous data by Anduril enables drawing conclusions on functional consequences of large-scale molecular data. Many of the identified genetic loci and genes having significant survival effect have not been reported earlier in the context of glioblastoma multiforme. Thus, in addition to generally applicable novel methodology, our results provide several glioblastoma multiforme candidate genes for further studies. Anduril is available at http://csbi.ltdk.helsinki.fi/anduril/ The glioblastoma multiforme analysis results are available at http://csbi.ltdk.helsinki.fi/anduril/tcga-gbm

Differences in stress tolerance and brood size between a non-indigenous and an indigenous gammarid in the northern Baltic Sea

Differences in stress tolerance and reproductive traits may drive the competitive hierarchy between nonindigenous and indigenous species and turn the former ones into successful invaders. In the northern Baltic Sea, the non-indigenous Gammarus tigrinus is a recent invader of littoral ecosystems and now occupies comparable ecological niches as the indigenous G. zaddachi. In laboratory experiments on specimens collected between June and August 2009 around Tva¨rminne in southern Finland (59°500N/23°150E), the tolerances towards heat stress and hypoxia were determined for the two species using lethal time, LT50, as response variable. The brood size of the two species was also studied and some observations were made on maturation of juveniles. Gammarus tigrinus was more resistant to hypoxia and survived at higher temperatures than G. zaddachi. Brood size was also greater in G. tigrinus than in G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus matured at a smaller size and earlier than G. zaddachi. Hence, there are clear competitive advantages for the non-indigenous G. tigrinus compared to the indigenous G. zaddachi, and these may be further strengthened through ongoing environmental changes related to increased eutrophication and a warming climate in the Baltic Sea region

Geographical distribution of techno-economic harvest potential of straw for energy use and biorefining in Finland

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