Comparison of Cellulosic Ethanol Yields from Midwestern Maize and Reconstructed Tallgrass Prairie Systems Managed for Bioenergy

Maize- and prairie-based systems were investigated as cellulosic feedstocks by conducting a 9 ha side-by-side comparison on fertile soils in the Midwestern United States. Maize was grown continuously with adequate fertilization over years both with and without a winter rye cover crop, and the 31-species reconstructed prairie was grown with and without spring nitrogen fertilization. Both maize stover and prairie biomass were harvested in the fall. We compared amounts of cellulosic biomass produced and harvested, carbohydrate contents as measured by both dietary and detergent methods, and estimated cellulosic ethanol yields per hectare. From 2009–2013, the cropping system with the largest non-grain biomass yield was fertilized prairie, averaging 10.4 Mg ha−1 year−1 aboveground biomass with average harvest removals of 7.8 Mg ha−1 year−1. The unfertilized prairie produced 7.4 Mg ha−1 year−1 aboveground biomass, with average harvests of 5.3 Mg ha−1 year−1. Lowest cellulosic (non-grain) biomass harvests were obtained from continuous maize systems, averaging 3.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 when grown with, and 3.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 when grown without a winter rye cover crop, respectively. Unfertilized prairie biomass and maize stover had equivalent dietary-determined potential biomass ethanol yields at 330 g ethanol kg−1 dry biomass, but fertilized prairie was lower at 315. The detergent method did not accurately capture these differences. Over the five-year period of the experiment, unfertilized and fertilized prairie systems averaged 810 and 1,790 L potential cellulosic ethanol ha−1 year−1 more than the maize systems, respectively. Differences in harvested biomass accounted for \u3e90 % of ethanol yield variation

Remote sensing vegetation index methods to evaluate changes in greenness and evapotranspiration in riparian vegetation in response to the Minute 319 environmental pulse flow to Mexico

During the spring of 2014, 130 million&thinsp;m3 of water were released from the United States' Morelos Dam on the lower Colorado River to Mexico, allowing water to reach the Gulf of California for the first time in 13 years. Our study assessed the effects of water transfer or ecological environmental flows from one nation to another, using remote sensing. Spatial applications for water resource evaluation are important for binational, integrated water resources management and planning for the Colorado River, which includes seven basin states in the US plus two states in Mexico. Our study examined the effects of the historic binational experiment (the Minute 319 agreement) on vegetative response along the riparian corridor. We used 250&thinsp;m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and 30&thinsp;m Landsat 8 satellite imagery to track evapotranspiration (ET) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Our analysis showed an overall increase in NDVI and evapotranspiration (ET) in the year following the 2014 pulse, which reversed a decline in those metrics since the last major flood in 2000. NDVI and ET levels decreased in 2015, but were still significantly higher (P&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.001) than pre-pulse (2013) levels. Preliminary findings show that the decline in 2015 persisted into 2016 and 2017. We continue to analyse results for 2018 in comparison to short-term (2013–2018) and long-term (2000–2018) trends. Our results support the conclusion that these environmental flows from the US to Mexico via the Minute 319 “pulse” had a positive, but short-lived (1 year), impact on vegetation growth in the delta.</p

An upper limit for the water outgassing rate of the main-belt comet 176P/LINEAR observed with Herschel/HIFI

176P/LINEAR is a member of the new cometary class known as main-belt comets (MBCs). It displayed cometary activity shortly during its 2005 perihelion passage that may be driven by the sublimation of sub-surface ices. We have therefore searched for emission of the H2O 110-101 ground state rotational line at 557 GHz toward 176P/LINEAR with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on board the Herschel Space Observatory on UT 8.78 August 2011, about 40 days after its most recent perihelion passage, when the object was at a heliocentric distance of 2.58 AU. No H2O line emission was detected in our observations, from which we derive sensitive 3-sigma upper limits for the water production rate and column density of < 4e25 molec/s and of < 3e10 cm^{-2}, respectively. From the peak brightness measured during the object's active period in 2005, this upper limit is lower than predicted by the relation between production rates and visual magnitudes observed for a sample of comets by Jorda et al. (2008) at this heliocentric distance. Thus, 176P/LINEAR was likely less active at the time of our observation than during its previous perihelion passage. The retrieved upper limit is lower than most values derived for the H2O production rate from the spectroscopic search for CN emission in MBCs.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Minor changes to match published versio

Factorization of strongly (p,sigma)-continuous multilinear operators

We introduce the new ideal of strongly-continuous linear operators in order to study the adjoints of the -absolutely continuous linear operators. Starting from this ideal we build a new multi-ideal by using the composition method. We prove the corresponding Pietsch domination theorem and we present a representation of this multi-ideal by a tensor norm. A factorization theorem characterizing the corresponding multi-ideal - which is also new for the linear case - is given. When applied to the case of the Cohen strongly -summing operators, this result gives also a new factorization theorem.D. Achour acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) under project PNR 8-U28-181. E. Dahia acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) [grant number 10/PG-FMI/2013] and the Universite de M'Sila (2013) for short term stage. P. Rueda acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2011-22417. E. A. Sanchez Perez acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) under project MTM2012-36740-C02-02.Achour, D.; Dahia, E.; Rueda, P.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2014). Factorization of strongly (p,sigma)-continuous multilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra. 62(12):1649-1670. doi:10.1080/03081087.2013.839677S164916706212Matter, U. (1987). Absolutely Continuous Operators and Super-Reflexivity. Mathematische Nachrichten, 130(1), 193-216. doi:10.1002/mana.19871300118Diestel, J., Jarchow, H., & Tonge, A. (1995). Absolutely Summing Operators. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526138Pietsch, A. (1967). Absolut p-summierende Abbildungen in normierten Räumen. Studia Mathematica, 28(3), 333-353. doi:10.4064/sm-28-3-333-353Achour, D., & Mezrag, L. (2007). On the Cohen strongly p-summing multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 327(1), 550-563. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.04.065Apiola, H. (1976). Duality between spaces ofp-summable sequences, (p, q)-summing operators and characterizations of nuclearity. Mathematische Annalen, 219(1), 53-64. doi:10.1007/bf01360858Sánchez PérezEA. Ideales de operadores absolutamente continuos y normas tensoriales asociadas [PhD Thesis]. Spain: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; 1997.López Molina, J. A., & Sánchez Pérez, E. A. (2000). On operator ideals related to (p,σ)-absolutely continuous operators. Studia Mathematica, 138(1), 25-40. doi:10.4064/sm-138-1-25-40Cohen, J. S. (1973). Absolutelyp-summing,p-nuclear operators and their conjugates. Mathematische Annalen, 201(3), 177-200. doi:10.1007/bf01427941Mezrag, L., & Saadi, K. (2012). Inclusion and coincidence properties for Cohen strongly summing multilinear operators. Collectanea Mathematica, 64(3), 395-408. doi:10.1007/s13348-012-0071-2Achour, D., & Alouani, A. (2010). On multilinear generalizations of the concept of nuclear operators. Colloquium Mathematicum, 120(1), 85-102. doi:10.4064/cm120-1-7Mujica, X. (2008). τ(p;q)-summing mappings and the domination theorem. Portugaliae Mathematica, 211-226. doi:10.4171/pm/1806Campos, J. R. (2013). Cohen and multiple Cohen strongly summing multilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 62(3), 322-346. doi:10.1080/03081087.2013.779270Bu, Q., & Shi, Z. (2013). On Cohen almost summing multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 401(1), 174-181. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.12.005Ryan, R. A. (2002). Introduction to Tensor Products of Banach Spaces. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3903-4Achour, D., & Belaib, M. T. (2011). Tensor norms related to the space of Cohen $p$-nuclear‎ ‎multilinear mappings. Annals of Functional Analysis, 2(1), 128-138. doi:10.15352/afa/1399900268Achour, D. (2011). Multilinear extensions of absolutely (p;q;r)-summing operators. Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, 60(3), 337-350. doi:10.1007/s12215-011-0054-2Dahia, E., Achour, D., & Sánchez Pérez, E. A. (2013). Absolutely continuous multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 397(1), 205-224. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.07.034Botelho, G., Pellegrino, D., & Rueda, P. (2007). On Composition Ideals of Multilinear Mappings and Homogeneous Polynomials. Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 43(4), 1139-1155. doi:10.2977/prims/1201012383Pellegrino, D., Santos, J., & Seoane-Sepúlveda, J. B. (2012). Some techniques on nonlinear analysis and applications. Advances in Mathematics, 229(2), 1235-1265. doi:10.1016/j.aim.2011.09.014Ramanujan, M. S., & Schock, E. (1985). Operator ideals and spaces of bilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 18(4), 307-318. doi:10.1080/03081088508817695Floret, K., & Hunfeld, S. (2002). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 130(05), 1425-1436. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-01-06228-

Gas morphology and energetics at the surface of PDRs: new insights with Herschel observations of NGC 7023

We investigate the physics and chemistry of the gas and dust in dense photon-dominated regions (PDRs), along with their dependence on the illuminating UV field. Using Herschel-HIFI observations, we study the gas energetics in NGC 7023 in relation to the morphology of this nebula. NGC 7023 is the prototype of a PDR illuminated by a B2V star and is one of the key targets of Herschel. Our approach consists in determining the energetics of the region by combining the information carried by the mid-IR spectrum (extinction by classical grains, emission from very small dust particles) with that of the main gas coolant lines. In this letter, we discuss more specifically the intensity and line profile of the 158 micron (1901 GHz) [CII] line measured by HIFI and provide information on the emitting gas. We show that both the [CII] emission and the mid-IR emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from the regions located in the transition zone between atomic and molecular gas. Using the Meudon PDR code and a simple transfer model, we find good agreement between the calculated and observed [CII] intensities. HIFI observations of NGC 7023 provide the opportunity to constrain the energetics at the surface of PDRs. Future work will include analysis of the main coolant line [OI] and use of a new PDR model that includes PAH-related species.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters (Herschel HIFI special issue), 5 pages, 5 figure

First results on Martian carbon monoxide from Herschel/HIFI observations

We report on the initial analysis of Herschel/HIFI carbon monoxide (CO) observations of the Martian atmosphere performed between 11 and 16 April 2010. We selected the (7-6) rotational transitions of the isotopes ^{13}CO at 771 GHz and C^{18}O at 768 GHz in order to retrieve the mean vertical profile of temperature and the mean volume mixing ratio of carbon monoxide. The derived temperature profile agrees within less than 5 K with general circulation model (GCM) predictions up to an altitude of 45 km, however, show about 12-15 K lower values at 60 km. The CO mixing ratio was determined as 980 \pm 150 ppm, in agreement with the 900 ppm derived from Herschel/SPIRE observations in November 2009.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (special issue on HIFI first results); minor changes to match published versio

Dynamics and spectrum of the Cesàro operator on C-infinity(R+)

[EN] The spectrum and point spectrum of the Cesaro averaging operator C acting on the Frechet space C-infinity(R+) of all C-infinity functions on the interval [0, infinity) are determined. We employ an approach via C-0-semigroup theory for linear operators. A spectral mapping theorem for the resolvent of a closed operator acting on a locally convex space is established; it constitutes a useful tool needed to establish the main result. The dynamical behaviour of C is also investigated.The research of the first two authors was partially supported by the projects MTM2013-43540-P, GVA Prometeo II/2013/013 and GVA ACOMP/2015/186 (Spain).Albanese, AA.; Bonet Solves, JA.; Ricker, WJ. (2016). Dynamics and spectrum of the Cesàro operator on C-infinity(R+). Monatshefte für Mathematik. 181:267-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00605-015-0863-zS267283181Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Mean ergodic operators in Fréchet spaces. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 34, 401–436 (2009)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Mean ergodic semigroups of operators. Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Serie A Mat. RACSAM 106, 299–319 (2012)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Montel resolvents and uniformly mean ergodic semigroups of linear operators. Quaest. Math. 36, 253–290 (2013)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Convergence of arithmetic means of operators in Fréchet spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 401, 160–173 (2013)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Uniform mean ergodicity of $$C_0$$ C 0 -semigroups in a class of in Fréchet spaces. Funct. Approx. Comment. Math. 50, 307–349 (2014)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: On the continuous Cesàro operator in certain function spaces. Positivity 19, 659–679 (2015)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: The Cesàro operator in the Fréchet spaces $$\ell ^{p+}$$ ℓ p + and $$L^{p-}$$ L p - . Glasgow Math. J. (accepted)Arendt, W.: Gaussian estimates and interpolation of the spectrum in $$L^p$$ L p . Diff. Int. Equ. 7, 1153–1168 (1994)Bayart, F., Matheron, E.: Dynamics of linear operators. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)Boyd, D.W.: The spectrum of the Cesàro operator. Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 29, 31–34 (1968)Grosse-Erdmann, K.G., Manguillot, A.P.: Linear chaos. Universitext, Springer Verlag, London (2011)Hille, E.: Remarks on ergodic theorems. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 57, 246–269 (1945)Jarchow, H.: Locally convex spaces. Teubner, Stuttgart (1981)Komura, T.: Semigroups of operators in locally convex spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 2, 258–296 (1968)Lin, M.: On the uniform ergodic theorem. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 43, 337–340 (1974)Malgrange, B.: Idéaux de fonctions différentiables et division des distributions. Distributions, Editions École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, pp. 1–21 (2003)Meise, R., Vogt, D.: Introduction to functional analysis. Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 2. The Clarendon Press. Oxford University Press, New York (1997)Seeley, R.T.: Extension of $$C^\infty$$ C ∞ functions defined in a half space. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 15, 625–626 (1964)Siskakis, A.G.: Composition semigroups and the Cesàro operator. J. London Math. Soc. (2) 36, 153–164 (1987)Yosida, K.: Functional analysis. Springer, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg (1980)Valdivia, M.: Topics in locally convex spaces. North-Holland Math. Stud. 67, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1982

Absolutely continuous multilinear operators

We introduce the new class of the (p;p1,...,pm; s)-absolutely continuous operators, that is defined using a summability property that provides the multilinear version of the (p, s)-absolutely continuous operators. We give an analogue of the Pietsch domination theorem and a multilinear version of the associated factorization theorem that holds for (p, s)-absolutely continuous operators, obtaining in this way a rich factorization theory. We present also a tensor norm which represents this multi-ideal by trace duality. As an application, we show that (p; p1, . . . , pm; s)-absolutely continuous multilinear operators are compact under some requirements. Applications to factorization of linear maps on Banach function spaces through interpolation spaces are also given.EL-Hadj Dahia acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) under grant 555/PGRS/C.U.K.M. (2011) for a short term stage. D. Achour acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) under project PNR 8-U28-6543. E.A. Sanchez acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Connpetitividad (Spain) under project #MTM2009-14483-C02-02.Dahia, E.; Achour, D.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2013). Absolutely continuous multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 397:205-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.07.034S20522439

Improving integrability via absolute summability: a general version of Diestel s Theorem

[EN] A classical result by J. Diestel establishes that the composition of a summing operator with a (strongly measurable) Pettis integrable function gives a Bochner integrable function. In this paper we show that a much more general result is possible regarding the improvement of the integrability of vector valued functions by the summability of the operator. After proving a general result, we center our attention in the particular case given by the -absolutely continuous operators, that allows to prove a lot of special results on integration improvement for selected cases of classical Banach spaces-including C(K), and Hilbert spaces-and operators-p-summing, (q, p)-summing and p-approximable operators.D. Pellegrino acknowledges with thanks the support of CNPq Grant 401735/2013-3 (Brazil). P. Rueda acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2011-22417. E.A. Sanchez Perez acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2012-36740-C02-02.Pellegrino, D.; Rueda, P.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2016). Improving integrability via absolute summability: a general version of Diestel s Theorem. Positivity. 20(2):369-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11117-015-0361-5S369383202Botelho, G., Pellegrino, D., Rueda, P.: A unified Pietsch domination theorem. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 365(1), 269–276 (2010)Defant, A., Floret, K.: Tensor norms and operator ideals. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1992)Diestel, J.: An elementary characterization of absolutely summing operators. Math. Ann. 196, 101–105 (1972)Diestel, J., Jarchow, H., Tonge, A.: Absolutely summing operators. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)Farmer, J., Johnson, W.B.: Lipschitz p-summing operators. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137, 2989–2995 (2009)Jarchow, H.: Localy convex, spaces. Teubner, Stuttgart (1981)López Molina, J.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Ideales de operadores absolutamente continuos, Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Madrid. Rev. Real Acad. 87, 349–378 (1993)López Molina, J.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: The associated tensor norm to $$(q, p)$$ ( q , p ) -absolutely summing operators on $$C(K)$$ C ( K ) -spaces. Czec. Math. J. 47(4), 627–631 (1997)López, J.A., Molina, Sánchez-Pérez, E.A.: On operator ideals related to $$(p,\sigma )$$ ( p , σ ) -absolutely continuous operator. Studia Math. 131(8), 25–40 (2000)Matter, U.: Absolute continuous operators and super-reflexivity. Math. Nachr. 130, 193–216 (1987)Pellegrino, D., Santos, J.: A general Pietsch domination theorem. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 375(1), 371–374 (2011)Pellegrino, D., Santos, J., Seoane-Sepúlveda, J.B.: Some techniques on nonlinear analysis and applications. Adv. Math. 229, 1235–1265 (2012)Pietsch, A.: Operator Ideals. Deutsch. Verlag Wiss., Berlin, 1978; North-Holland, Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo (1980)Pisier, G.: Factorization of operators through $$L_{p\infty }$$ L p ∞ or $$L_{p1}$$ L p 1 and noncommutative generalizations. Math. Ann. 276(1), 105–136 (1986)Rodríguez, J.: Absolutely summing operators and integration of vector-valued functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 316(2), 579–600 (2006