Illinois State of Homelessness 2022

An estimated 65,611 people were experiencing homelessness in Chicago in 2020. This in-depth analysis includes sheltered, unsheltered, and people temporarily staying with others, and it is a 7,338-person increase (+12.6%) from 2019, immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fewer Chicagoans experienced sheltered and unsheltered homelessness, but Chicago saw a large spike (+20%) in people temporarily staying with others (or "doubling up").

Report of the NIH task force on research standards for chronic low back pain

Abstract Despite rapidly increasing intervention, functional disability due to chronic low back pain (cLBP) has increased in recent decades. We often cannot identify mechanisms to explain the major negative impact cLBP has on patients\u27 lives. Such cLBP is often termed non-specific, and may be due to multiple biologic and behavioral etiologies. Researchers use varied inclusion criteria, definitions, baseline assessments, and outcome measures, which impede comparisons and consensus. The NIH Pain Consortium therefore charged a Research Task Force (RTF) to draft standards for research on cLBP. The resulting multidisciplinary panel recommended using 2 questions to define cLBP; classifying cLBP by its impact (defined by pain intensity, pain interference, and physical function); use of a minimal data set to describe research participants (drawing heavily on the PROMIS methodology); reporting responder analyses in addition to mean outcome scores; and suggestions for future research and dissemination. The Pain Consortium has approved the recommendations, which investigators should incorporate into NIH grant proposals. The RTF believes these recommendations will advance the field, help to resolve controversies, and facilitate future research addressing the genomic, neurologic, and other mechanistic substrates of chronic low back pain. We expect the RTF recommendations will become a dynamic document, and undergo continual improvement. PERSPECTIVE: A Task Force was convened by the NIH Pain Consortium, with the goal of developing research standards for chronic low back pain. The results included recommendations for definitions, a minimal dataset, reporting outcomes, and future research. Greater consistency in reporting should facilitate comparisons among studies and the development of phenotypes

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorder Diagnoses and Psychologic Status in Croatian patients

Dijagnostički kriteriji za istraživanje temporomandibularnih disfunkcija (DKI/TMD) služe se dvoosnim sustavom za dijagnosticiranje i klasificiranje pacijenata s temporomandibularnim disfunkcijama (TMD). Svrha ove studije bila je istražiti pojavnost različitih tipova TMD-a, psihološkog distresa i psihosocijalne disfunkcije u hrvatskih pacijenata s TMD-om te usporediti podatke hrvatskih pacijenata sa švedskim, američkim i azijskim pacijentima s TMD-om. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 154 pacijenta (117 žene, 37 muškarci) upućenih na Zavod za stomatološku protetiku i Zavod za oralnu kirurgiju Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Prosječna dob hrvatske populacije bila je 39 ± 14,5 godina. Raspodjele frekvencije i deskriptivna statistika dobiveni su uporabom SPSS statističkog programa (verzija 10), a hi-kvadrat statističke raščlambe (P < 0,05) bile su izvedene da bi se ispitale razlike prema spolu. Poremećaj grupe I (mišićni) nađen je u 64,9% pacijenata; poremećaj grupe II (pomak diska) nađen je u 31,8% i 27,3% pacijenata u desnim i lijevim čeljusnim zglobovima, pojedinačno; poremećaj grupe III (artralgija, artritis, artroza) nađen je u 21,4% i 26% pacijenata u desnim i lijevim čeljusnim zglobovima, pojedinačno. Procjena osi II psihološkoga statusa pokazala je da je 19,5% pacijenata imalo visoke rezultate depresije, a 27,3% imalo je visoke rezultate nespecifičnih fizikalnih simptoma (somatizacija). Psihosocijalna disfunkcija opazila se je u 21,4% pacijenata na osnovi rezultata stupnjevane kronične boli (stupanj III i IV). Nalazi osi I i II hrvatskih pacijenata s TMD-om bili su općenito slični onim u švedskim, američkim i azijskim populacijama. U sve četiri populacije žene su u reproduktivnoj dobi činile većinu pacijenata. Najčešći tip DKI/TMD dijagnoza bio je mišićni poremećaj. Znatan dio pacijenata s TMD-om bili su klinički depresivni i imali supovišene razine nespecifičnih fizikalnih simptoma. Ti rezultati pokazuju da su DKI smjernice korisne u klasificiranju pacijenata s TMD-om, podržavaju korisnost DKI/TMD za dobivanje istraživački i klinički važnih podataka te omogućuju međunarodnu i međukulturološku usporedbu kliničkih nalaza.The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) uses a dual axis system for diagnosing and classifying TMD patients. The objective of the study was to explore the prevalence of different types of TMD, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Croatian TMD patients and to compare data between Croatian and Swedish, American and Asian TMD patients. One hundred and fifty-four consecutive patients (117 female and 37 male) referred to the Department of Prosthodontics and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb, Croatia, were included in the study. The mean age of the Croatian population was 39 ± 14.5 years. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were obtained through the use of SPSS statistical programe (version 10), and chisquare statistical analyses were performed (P < 0.05) to evaluate gender differences. Group I (muscle) disorder was found in 64.9% of the patients; Group II (disc displacement) disorder was found in 31.8% and 27.3% of the patients in the right and left joints, respectively; Group III (arthralgia, arthritis, arthrosis) disorder was found in 21.4% and 26% of the patients in the right and left joints, respectively. Axis II assessment of psychologic status showed that 19.5% of patients yielded severe depression scores and 27.3% yielded high nonspecific physical symptom scores (somatization). Psychosocial dysfunction was observed in 21.4% of patients based on graded chronic pain scores (Grade III and IV). Axis I and II findings of Croatian TMD patients were generally similar to their Swedish, American and Asian cohorts. In all 4 populations, women of child-bearing age represented the majority of patients. The most common type of RDC/TMD diagnoses was muscle disorders. A considerable portion of TMD patients were clinically depressed, withelevated levels of nonspecific physical symptoms. These results suggest that the RDC guidelines are valuable in helping to classify TMD patients, support the usefulness of the RDC/TMD for gathering research and clinically relevant data, allowing international and cross-cultural comparison of clinical findings

Detection of Organics at Mars: How Wet Chemistry Onboard SAM Helps

For the first time in the history of space exploration, a mission of interest to astrobiology could be able to analyze refractory organic compounds in the soil of Mars. Wet chemistry experiment allow organic components to be altered in such a way that improves there detection either by releasing the compounds from sample matricies or by changing the chemical structure to be amenable to analytical conditions. The latter is particular important when polar compounds are present. Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), on the Curiosity rover of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, has onboard two wet chemistry experiments: derivatization and thermochemolysis. Here we report on the nature of the MTBSTFA derivatization experiment on SAM, the detection of MTBSTFA in initial SAM results, and the implications of this detection

‘Re-reading Raphael Samuel: Politics, Personality and Performance’

For British historian Raphael Samuel, history and politics were inextricable. Best known as the founder of the history workshop movement, the controversial historian took his stance on the democratisation of history-making, becoming an outspoken advocate for public history. Despite making a significant contribution to contemporary historiography, he remains a neglected, even disparaged, figure. This paper contends that the most significant aspect of Samuel’s historical work was not one or other theory of history or argument about the past but his entire way of being an historian. Samuel embodied as much as expressed his ideas, consciously using his personality as a powerful political tool. It is further argued that conventional approaches to intellectual history, focusing on textual outputs, do not fully recognise the significance of performative modes of thinking. Theoretical approaches to performance as identity offer important insight here but can be too schematic in their view of applied and enacted thought. A biographical approach, by contrast, provides the intimate perspective necessary to fully appreciate the fluidity and complexity of such a personality. The paper first situates Samuel in the context of his earlier life, focusing on how and why he created such a public persona and how he adapted it in response to changing circumstances. It then considers the implications and effectiveness of this persona by assessing how it was perceived and narrated by others, acknowledging, in the process, why different groups engaged with and interpreted it differently

Airfall on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

We here study the transfer process of material from one hemisphere to the other (deposition of airfall material) on an active comet nucleus, specifically 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Our goals are to: 1) quantify the thickness of the airfall debris layers and how it depends on the location of the target area, 2) determine the amount of H₂O and CO₂ ice that are lost from icy dust assemblages of different sizes during transfer through the coma, and 3) estimate the relative amount of vapor loss in airfall material after deposition in order to understand what locations are expected to be more active than others on the following perihelion approach. We use various numerical simulations, that include orbit dynamics, thermophysics of the nucleus and of individual coma aggregates, coma gas kinetics and hydrodynamics, as well as dust dynamics due to gas drag, to address these questions. We find that the thickness of accumulated airfall material varies substantially with location, and typically is of the order 0.1–1 m. The airfall material preserves substantial amounts of water ice even in relatively small (cm–sized) coma aggregates after a rather long (12 h) residence in the coma. However, CO₂ is lost within a couple of hours even in relatively large (dm–sized) aggregates, and is not expected to be an important component in airfall deposits. We introduce reachability and survivability indices to measure the relative capacity of different regions to simultaneously collect airfall and to preserve its water ice until the next perihelion passage, thereby grading their potential of contributing to comet activity during the next perihelion passage

‘Moving in concentric circles’? The history and politics of press inquiries

In this paper, we consider the Leveson inquiry's use of a narrative device – the policy cycle – to justify the need for a break with the past. We challenge that narrative, which runs through much of the literature, and posit a more nuanced and complex account of the politics and history of press inquiries, drawing upon the political science literature. We then reflect upon the implications of our findings for the future of press regulation

Airfall on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

We here study the transfer process of material from one hemisphere to the other (deposition of airfall material) on an active comet nucleus, specifically 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Our goals are to: 1) quantify the thickness of the airfall debris layers and how it depends on the location of the target area, 2) determine the amount of H₂O and CO₂ ice that are lost from icy dust assemblages of different sizes during transfer through the coma, and 3) estimate the relative amount of vapor loss in airfall material after deposition in order to understand what locations are expected to be more active than others on the following perihelion approach. We use various numerical simulations, that include orbit dynamics, thermophysics of the nucleus and of individual coma aggregates, coma gas kinetics and hydrodynamics, as well as dust dynamics due to gas drag, to address these questions. We find that the thickness of accumulated airfall material varies substantially with location, and typically is of the order 0.1–1 m. The airfall material preserves substantial amounts of water ice even in relatively small (cm–sized) coma aggregates after a rather long (12 h) residence in the coma. However, CO₂ is lost within a couple of hours even in relatively large (dm–sized) aggregates, and is not expected to be an important component in airfall deposits. We introduce reachability and survivability indices to measure the relative capacity of different regions to simultaneously collect airfall and to preserve its water ice until the next perihelion passage, thereby grading their potential of contributing to comet activity during the next perihelion passage

Rereading the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: plurality and contestation, not consensus

In this paper I examine the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. My analysis counters conventional narratives of consensus and imposition that characterize the development of the UN human rights regime. The central argument is that within the founding text of the contemporary human rights movement there is an ambiguous account of rights, which exceeds easy categorization of international rights as universal moral principles or merely an ideological imposition by liberal powers. Acknowledging this ambiguous history, I argue, opens the way to an understanding of human rights as an ongoing politics, a contestation over the terms of legitimate political authority and the meaning of “humanity” as a political identity