108 research outputs found
Clues to the nature of dark matter from first galaxies
We use thirty-eight high-resolution simulations of galaxy formation between
redshift 10 and 5 to study the impact of a 3 keV warm dark matter (WDM)
candidate on the high-redshift Universe. We focus our attention on the stellar
mass function and the global star formation rate and consider the consequences
for reionization, namely the neutral hydrogen fraction evolution and the
electron scattering optical depth. We find that three different effects
contribute to differentiate warm and cold dark matter (CDM) predictions: WDM
suppresses the number of haloes with mass less than few M; at
a fixed halo mass, WDM produces fewer stars than CDM; and finally at halo
masses below M, WDM has a larger fraction of dark haloes than
CDM post-reionization. These three effects combine to produce a lower stellar
mass function in WDM for galaxies with stellar masses at and below
M. For , the global star formation density is lower by a
factor of two in the WDM scenario, and for a fixed escape fraction, the
fraction of neutral hydrogen is higher by 0.3 at . This latter
quantity can be partially reconciled with CDM and observations only by
increasing the escape fraction from 23 per cent to 34 per cent. Overall, our
study shows that galaxy formation simulations at high redshift are a key tool
to differentiate between dark matter candidates given a model for baryonic
physics.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRA
NIHAO XX: The impact of the star formation threshold on the cusp-core transformation of cold dark matter haloes
We use cosmological hydrodynamical galaxy formation simulations from the
NIHAO project to investigate the impact of the threshold for star formation on
the response of the dark matter (DM) halo to baryonic processes. The fiducial
NIHAO threshold, , results in strong expansion of the DM
halo in galaxies with stellar masses in the range . We find that lower thresholds such as (as employed
by the EAGLE/APOSTLE and Illustris/AURIGA projects) do not result in
significant halo expansion at any mass scale. Halo expansion driven by
supernova feedback requires significant fluctuations in the local gas fraction
on sub-dynamical times (i.e., < 50 Myr at galaxy half-light radii), which are
themselves caused by variability in the star formation rate. At one per cent of
the virial radius, simulations with have gas fractions of
and variations of , while simulations have order of
magnitude lower gas fractions and hence do not expand the halo. The observed DM
circular velocities of nearby dwarf galaxies are inconsistent with CDM
simulations with and , but in reasonable agreement with .
Star formation rates are more variable for higher , lower galaxy masses, and
when star formation is measured on shorter time scales. For example,
simulations with have up to 0.4 dex higher scatter in specific star
formation rates than simulations with . Thus observationally
constraining the sub-grid model for star formation, and hence the nature of DM,
should be possible in the near future.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, accepted to MNRA
The edge of galaxy formation III: The effects of warm dark matter on Milky Way satellites and field dwarfs
In this third paper of the series, we investigate the effects of warm dark
matter with a particle mass of on the smallest
galaxies in our Universe. We present a sample of 21 hydrodynamical cosmological
simulations of dwarf galaxies and 20 simulations of satellite-host galaxy
interaction that we performed both in a Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and Warm Dark
Matter (WDM) scenario. In the WDM simulations, we observe a higher critical
mass for the onset of star formation. Structure growth is delayed in WDM, as a
result WDM haloes have a stellar population on average two Gyrs younger than
their CDM counterparts. Nevertheless, despite this delayed star formation, CDM
and WDM galaxies are both able to reproduce the observed scaling relations for
velocity dispersion, stellar mass, size, and metallicity at . WDM
satellite haloes in a Milky Way mass host are more susceptible to tidal
stripping due to their lower concentrations, but their galaxies can even
survive longer than the CDM counterparts if they live in a dark matter halo
with a steeper central slope. In agreement with our previous CDM satellite
study we observe a steepening of the WDM satellites' central dark matter
density slope due to stripping. The difference in the average stellar age for
satellite galaxies, between CDM and WDM, could be used in the future for
disentangling these two models.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication on MNRA
Toward a Resilient Global Society: Air, Sea Level, Earthquakes, and Weather
Society’s progress along the four corners of prepare, absorb, respond and adapt resilience square is uneven, in spite of our understanding of the foundational science and a growing sense that urgent action is needed. The resilience vignettes describe the meaning and impact of current and near‐term change in four major domains: human health impacts from air pollution, coastal inundation from sea‐level rise, damaging earthquakes in populated areas, and impacts from extreme precipitation. Given our understanding of the scientific principles, societal action, from preparation to adaption, will be critical in minimizing the negative impacts of change. The unprecedented rates of change in today’s Earth system argue for urgent action in support of a resilient global society.Key PointsUnprecedented rates of change in the Earth system argue for more urgent action in support of a resilient global societyExperts describe the meaning and impact of current and near‐term change in four major domainsWe take an ensemble approach to highlight the similarities for actionable decision‐makingPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151889/1/eft2547_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151889/2/eft2547.pd
Palaeo-sea-level and palaeo-ice-sheet databases: Problems, strategies, and perspectives
Sea-level and ice-sheet databases have driven numerous advances in understanding the Earth system. We describe the challenges and offer best strategies that can be adopted to build self-consistent and standardised databases of geological and geochemical information used to archive palaeo-sea-levels and palaeo-ice-sheets. There are three phases in the development of a database: (i) measurement, (ii) interpretation, and (iii) database creation. Measurement should include the objective description of the position and age of a sample, description of associated geological features, and quantification of uncertainties. Interpretation of the sample may have a subjective component, but it should always include uncertainties and alternative or contrasting interpretations, with any exclusion of existing interpretations requiring a full justification. During the creation of a database, an approach based on accessibility, transparency, trust, availability, continuity, completeness, and communication of content (ATTAC3) must be adopted. It is essential to consider the community that creates and benefits from a database. We conclude that funding agencies should not only consider the creation of original data in specific research-question-oriented projects, but also include the possibility of using part of the funding for IT-related and database creation tasks, which are essential to guarantee accessibility and maintenance of the collected data
The penultimate deglaciation:protocol for PMIP4 transient numerical simulations between 140 and 127 ka, version 1.0
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and last interglacial simulations
Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The experimental protocols for Tier 1 simulations of the mid-Holocene (midHolocene, 6000 years before present) and the Last Interglacial (lig127k, 127,000 years before present) are described here. These equilibrium simulations are designed to examine the impact of changes in orbital forcing at times when atmospheric greenhouse gas levels were similar to those of the preindustrial period and the continental configurations were almost identical to modern. These simulations test our understanding of the interplay between radiative forcing and atmospheric circulation, and the connections among large-scale and regional climate changes giving rise to phenomena such as land-sea contrast and high-latitude amplification in temperature changes, and responses of the monsoons, as compared to today. They also provide an opportunity, through carefully designed additional CMIP6 Tier 2 and Tier 3 sensitivity experiments of PMIP4, to quantify the strength of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land-surface feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments are proposed to investigate the role of freshwater forcing in triggering abrupt climate changes within interglacial epochs. These feedback experiments naturally lead to a focus on climate evolution during interglacial periods, which will be examined through transient experiments. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations will also focus on interactions between extratropical and tropical circulation, and the relationship between changes in mean climate state and climate variability on annual to multi-decadal timescales. The comparative abundance of paleoenvironmental data and of quantitative climate reconstructions for the Holocene and Last Interglacial make these two epochs ideal candidates for systematic evaluation of model performance, and such comparisons will shed new light on the importance of external feedbacks (e.g., vegetation, dust) and the ability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes realistically
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