Enhanced flushing with cyclodextrin for the remediation of creosote contaminated soil

Past practices of applying creosote and coal tar preservatives to wood, such as unlined pits and trenches, have resulted in contamination of the surface and ground water at thousand of sites. The low aqueous solubility, volatility and bioavailability of many these constituents limit their degradation by natural attenuation and standard remediation techniques such as ground water flushing, soil vapor extraction, and bioremediation. While research has shown that cyclodextrin solutions have the ability to enhance the solubility of some of the components of creosote, additional work is needed to evaluate its potential as a remedial agent for these sites. Equilibrium batch studies were conducted to determine the solubility enhancement of eight different PAHs commonly present in creosote in aqueous solutions of three different types of cyclodextrin. Three highly soluble cyclodextrins were tested which vary in their internal cavity size (smallest to largest: hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HPαCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCD). The results showed that all three types of cyclodextrin enhanced the apparent solubility of the tested PAHs. The degree of solubility enhancement ranged from 19.6 for naphthalene to 4136 for benzo (k) fluoranthene. Because previous research has shown that hydroxypropyl substitution does not favor forming complexes with low-polarity compounds, it is concluded that cyclodextrin with larger cavities slightly enhance the degree of PAH partitioning into their cavities and hence PAH apparent solubility. Comparison of the results also showed that the logarithm of the PAH solubility enhancement factor in the cyclodextrin solutions is inversely related to the logarithm of PAHs aqueous solubility, directly related to the mass of the PAHs, and directly related to the logarithm of the PAH hydrophobicity. Additional direct correlations were found between the logarithm of the ratio of molar concentration of the PAH to that of the cyclodextrins with the logarithm of PAHs aqueous solubility. These strong correlations enable the ability to project the enhancement of other PAHs present in creosote and coal tar. Additional research has to be performed, but cyclodextrin shows promise as a remedial agent for creosote and coal tar sites

Ulrich split rings

A local Cohen--Macaulay ring is called Ulrich-split if any short exact sequence of Ulrich modules split. In this paper we initiate the study of Ulrich split rings. We prove several necessary or sufficient criteria for this property, linking it to syzygies of the residue field and cohomology annihilator. We characterize Ulrich split rings of small dimensions. Over complex numbers, $2$-dimensional Ulrich split rings, which are normal and have minimal multiplicity, are precisely cyclic quotient singularities with at most two indecomposable Ulrich modules up to isomorphism. We give several ways to construct Ulrich split rings, and give applications on detecting projective/injective modules via vanishing of $\operatorname{Ext}$

Exact subcategories, subfunctors of Ext⁡\operatorname{Ext}, and some applications

Let $(\mathcal{A},\mathcal{E})$ be an exact category. We establish basic results that allow one to identify sub(bi)functors of $\operatorname{Ext}_{\mathcal{E}}(-,-)$ using additivity of numerical functions and restriction to subcategories. We also study a small number of these new functors over commutative local rings in details, and find a range of applications from detecting regularity to understanding Ulrich modules.Comment: To appear in Nagoya Mathematical Journal. This arXiv version contains one additional result (than the Journal Version), namely Proposition 5.1.2

COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN: TOOLS TO DEVELOP DRUG FOR COVID 19

The CADD includes the combined use of modern computational and experimental techniques which provide structural information about the biologically active molecules. These molecules are involved in disease process and in modulating disease process. The processes of CADD methods are dependent on Bioinformatics tools, applications and database. The present Review article highlights how the modern computational and experimental techniques that have been developed in recent years can be used together to provide structural information about the biologically active molecules that are involved in disease process and in modulating disease process in Special focus to Drug designing for COVID 19 by virtual Screening. Out Put of the article: The present article may be one tool for new drug development against corona Virus

Altered resistin and IL6 in Neonatal sepsis in patients admitted in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Eastern India

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome followed by bacteraemia in the first month of life and appears to be one of the primary causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The study aim was to detect the levels of resistin, IL-6, CRP and hs-CRP in clinically suspected cases of neonatal sepsis and establish its association with the pathogenesis of the disease. Materials & Methods: The case control study consists of 78 neonates of whom 42 were clinically suspected case of sepsis admitted in NICU of Paediatric department and were taken as cases and 36 were normal healthy neonates taken as control subjects in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal. The cases as well as controls were within 28 days of age. Preterm and term neonates (< 28 days of age) of both sexes showing signs of both early and late onset sepsis and also blood culture positive were included in the study. Two ml of blood was collected without anticoagulant and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 15-20 mins and was used for measurement of hs-CRP, resistin and IL 6. Serum hs-CRP levels was determined with a high-sensitivity nephelometric method while the serum level of IL-6 and Resistin were measured by immunoassay Kits (Raybiotech, USA). Results: Serum resistin levels were increased in sepsis cases as compared to controls and were statistically significant (38.96 ± 17.15 vs 15.49 ± 8.54 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). It was also observed that serum IL 6 levels were higher in sepsis cases as compared to controls which was statistically significant (58.19 ± 39.97 versus 8.48 ± 3.90 pg/ml; P < 0.0001). However, a weak positive correlation was observed between serum resistin with serum IL 6 level (r = 0.343; P = 0.025) among neonatal sepsis subjects while no correlation was seen in controls (r = 0.141; P = 0.411). Conclusion: The measurement of these sepsis markers is extremely important only in case of neonates with unclear infectious status. We have observed a significant rise in Resistin or IL 6 or hs-CRP which may be suggested as specific marker for the identification of neonatal sepsis.  The combination of Resistin or IL 6 or CRP or hs-CRP could therefore be crucial for the diagnosis and would be better predictors of neonatal sepsis and may be crucial in the pathogenesis of the disease. Keywords: Preterm neonates, neonatal sepsis, mortality and morbidity, serum resistin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), hs-CR

Emerging incidence of candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit and sick newborn care unit in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India

Background: Candida blood stream infection (BSI) is an important cause of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality. Common risk factors for Candida BSI include very low birth weight, central vascular catheterization (CVC), use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, endotracheal intubation, and prolonged hospital stay. Although C. albicans accounts for Candida BSI among infants, but recent studies have detected a shift towards non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Aims & Objectives: To isolate and identify different species of candida from blood samples. To find out the antifungal sensitivity pattern of the fungus isolated. To identify various risk factors associated with Candidemia in patient admitted in critical care unit. Methods: BACT/ALERT 3D Paediatric bottle was used for fungal blood culture. Inoculation on Blood agar and Sabourads dextrose agar (SDA) was made from the culture positive bottles. After the growth obtained from SDA, Gram staining, Germ tube test, CHROM agar Candida Medium and Sugar fermentation and biochemical Test kits (KB006 Hi Candida Identification Kit) were used for identification of various Candida Spp. Anti fungal susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 84 different species of Candida, C. albicans were the highest number (32.14%), followed by 23.81% of C. tropicalis, 21.42% C. parapsilosis. Susceptibility for voriconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B was 85.71%, 75% and 64.28%, respectively. NAC (57 isolates) were more resistant to azole group of antifungal, especially commonly used antifungal like fluconazole (45.6%). Conclusion: Candidemia is a significant problem in Pediatrics age group patients, especially in NICU and SNCU. A gradual but significant epidemiological shift to higher isolation of NCA is being noticed

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions

Reaction of amines with ortho chloro carbonyl compounds and its derivatives: A novel one pot synthesis of pyrozolo, benzodiazepino, cyclodecano and cyclotridecano derivatives of naphthalene at room temperature.

2112-2114Reaction of 1-chloro-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde 1 with hydrazine hydrate 7a, phenylhydrazine 7b, 2,4-dinitro phenylhydrazine 7c, ethylene diamine 8, ortho phenylene diamine 9, ethylene triamine 10 and ethylene tetrarnine 11 produce pyrozolo 12(a-c), benzodiazepino 13-14,cyclodecano 15 and cyclotridecano 16 derivatives of naphthalene. The behaviour of the above diamines 7(a-c) and 9 compounds with malononitrile and nitrone derivatives, which were derived from 1, are also discussed

Amphiphilically engineered sodium deoxycholate based nanocomposite hydrogels with strong bactericidal and water absorption characteristics

Soft naturally occurring biodegradable low molecular weight (LMW) gels with high water absorption capacity and inherent antibacterial properties are significant for applications in wound healing patches, personal hygiene products and soft tissue regeneration. Herein, we report novel naturally occurring bile acid based nanocomposite hydrogels derived from sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as well as amphiphilic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) modified rGO. Introduction of rGO and SDS-rGO in the NaDC hydrogel induces 7L-7L stacking in the nanocomposite hydrogels as well as enhances H-bonding interactions significantly yielding long range order as reflected by FTIR, sol-gel transition temperature, XRD, rheology and SEM studies. Among pure NaDC, rGO-NaDC and SDS-rGO NaDC xerogels, the latter is found to exhibit more than 10 times increased water absorption capacity compared to the pure NaDC gels which is attributed to the amphiphilic modification imparting increased H-bonding in the corresponding gel. Highest viscosity of SDS-rGO-NaDC hydrogels followed by rGO-NaDC and pure NaDC hydrogels further confirm the improved interactions. The emergence of antibac-terial activity in SDS-rGO gel unlike its precursors as well as pure NaDC and rGO-NaDC gels is assigned to the dehydration induced bacterial cell death resulting from its high water absorption capacity imparted by its enhanced H-bonding. Thus, SDS-rGO NaDC gel obtained through a facile alteration of physical forces exhibiting antibacterial activity along with appreciable water absorption capacity and stability under applied stress in-dicates its strong applicability in biodegradable and biocompatible antibacterial wound healing patches

Amphiphilically engineered sodium deoxycholate based nanocomposite hydrogels with strong bactericidal and water absorption characteristics

Soft naturally occurring biodegradable low molecular weight (LMW) gels with high water absorption capacity and inherent antibacterial properties are significant for applications in wound healing patches, personal hygiene products and soft tissue regeneration. Herein, we report novel naturally occurring bile acid based nanocomposite hydrogels derived from sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as well as amphiphilic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) modified rGO. Introduction of rGO and SDS-rGO in the NaDC hydrogel induces π-π stacking in the nanocomposite hydrogels as well as enhances H-bonding interactions significantly yielding long range order as reflected by FTIR, sol-gel transition temperature, XRD, rheology and SEM studies. Among pure NaDC, rGO-NaDC and SDS-rGO NaDC xerogels, the latter is found to exhibit more than 10 times increased water absorption capacity compared to the pure NaDC gels which is attributed to the amphiphilic modification imparting increased H-bonding in the corresponding gel. Highest viscosity of SDS-rGO-NaDC hydrogels followed by rGO-NaDC and pure NaDC hydrogels further confirm the improved interactions. The emergence of antibacterial activity in SDS-rGO gel unlike its precursors as well as pure NaDC and rGO-NaDC gels is assigned to the dehydration induced bacterial cell death resulting from its high water absorption capacity imparted by its enhanced H-bonding. Thus, SDS-rGO NaDC gel obtained through a facile alteration of physical forces exhibiting antibacterial activity along with appreciable water absorption capacity and stability under applied stress indicates its strong applicability in biodegradable and biocompatible antibacterial wound healing patches