The Relational Database: a New Static Analysis Tool?

Code comprehension is pivotal to reducing errors in software. Reading source code improves code comprehension and enables effective fixes but as a code base grows meta-data become increasingly important. Static Analysis techniques provide an avenue for software developers to learn more about their code through meta-data while also helping them safely detect potential errors in their source. Unfortunately, many Static Analysis tools have a steep learning curve and are limited in scope. This thesis seeks to make Static Analysis accessible and extensible by asking what ubiquitous tools like SQL and relational databases can offer and what they cannot. We begin to answer these questions by exploring the source code of three C++ projects (libodbc++, log4cxx, C++ Sockets Library) using a new Static Analysis tool called Trike. Initial results indicate Trike is a promising and accessible tool for analyzing the structure of a code base. With further improvements, Trike should equal more established Static Analysis tools in scope and surpass them in usabilit

Pathogenesis of failure in the anastomosis integrity and a prophylactic program in surgical treatment of the colon diseases.

Objective. To establish the impact of intraintestinal pressure on the intestinal anastomosis integrity and to propose a prophylactic measures of its insufficiency in surgical treatment of the colon diseases. Materials and methods. Intraintestinal pressure was measured in 30 patients, using Waldman method during 72 h postoperatively - before and after the transanal lavage (every 4 h). Primary operation - resection of sigmoid colon with formation of a one-barrel colostomy. The restoration intervention was performed in 3 mo with formation of a large-bowel anastomosis in accordance to the method elaborated (n=17), hand-made two-layered large-bowel anastomosis (n=3), and the apparatus large-bowel anastomosis (n=10). Results. There was noted the intraintestinal pressure raising during first 24 - 36 h up to (5.3 ± 0.1) mm Hg with its further lowering during 12 - 20 h down to (2.1 ± 0.3) mm Hg. In 20 min after the transanal drain lavage the intraintestinal pressure have lowered by (3.0 ± 1.3) mm Hg, and in 3 - 5 h - gradually raised. While application of a hand-made two-layered large-bowel anastomosis its insufficiency was observed (n=1) and anastomositis (n=1); and in the apparatus large-bowel anastomosis formation - anastomositis (n=1). While disorder of the intestinal suture healing the intraintestinal pressure have raised in 16 - 60 h up to (11.4 ± 0.2) mm Hg with peak at (16.3 - 17.1) mm Hg, which persisted 12 -18 h. Prophylactic measures were directed towards lowering of intraintestinal pressure and elimination of unfavorable local and general factors. Conclusion. While persisting noncorrected, the intraintestinal pressure in the 16.3 - 17.1 mm Hg borders during 12 - 18 h leads to complicated course of postoperative period. Direct and nondirect methods of decompression of the interintestinal anastomoses constitutes a basic prophylactic principle for it

Саногенетично-патогенетичний потенціал ротової рідини та інтрагастрального середовища залежно від обсіменіння helicobacter pylori у пацієнтів із запально-деструктивними ураженнями пародонта на тлі захворювань шлунково-кишкового тракту

Past studies have shown that patients with parodontium disease on the background of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, Helicobacter-positive patients had higher acidity, structure mucus gel abuse and decrease of lysozyme stomach and oral fluid compared with Helicobacter-positive and negative patients with parodontium lesions without systemic diseases and respect Helicobacter-negative patients with periodontal parodontium on the background of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.Проведені дослідження довели, що у пацієнтів із захворюваннями тканин пародонта на тлі уражень шлунково-кишкового тракту, в Helicobacter-позитивних пацієнтів виявлено підвищену кислотну продукцію, порушення структури слизового гелю та зниження активності лізоциму шлунку та ротової рідини, порівняно з Helicobacter-позитивними та негативними пацієнтами з ураженням тканин пародонта без соматичних захворювань, так і стосовно Helicobacter-негативних пацієнтів із патологією пародонта на тлі запальних захворювань шлунково-кишкового тракту

Внутрішньокишковий тиск при реконструктивно-відновних операціях у стомованих хворих

The aim of the work: to improve treatment outcomes in patients with surgical pathology of the colon by working-out and implementing pathogeneticly grounded treatment algorithm and anastomosis creation technology, aimed at reducing the frequency of postoperative      complications. Materials and Methods. The intracolonic pressure (ICP) was measured in the postoperative period in a group of 30 patients. During the operation, except transanal drainage, which was located higher from anastomosis by 5–10 cm, was inserted a tube with diameter of 0.5 cm., which end was located at large intestine anastomosis (LIA). Pressure measurement was performed by Waldman method within 72 hours after the operation, every 4 hours. There were performed 2 measurements – before and after lavage of transanal drainage. During performing reconstructive operation worked-out LIA technique  was performed 17 times, two-row suture manual LIA – 3, machine LIA -10.  Results and Discussion. It was found that in the postoperative period the ICP  was increasing during the first 24–36 hours to an average of (5.3±0.1) mm Hg, with a further reduction of it’s level over the next 12–20 hours to (2.1±0.3) mm Hg. In 20 minutes after the lavage of transanal drainage the ICP reduced by an average of (3.0±1.3) mm Hg. This decreasing was detained for 3–5 hours, then was noticed a gradual increasing of ICP. In case of using traditional two-row suture anastomosis in 2 patients was noticed complicated postoperative period – the anastomotic leakage in one patient, the second had anastomositis. Worked-out LIA technique was used in 17 patients, machine LIA – in 10 patients, while anastomositis developed in 1 patient. It was found that  in all patients with disorders of suture wound healing  was marked the increasing of ICP after 16–60 hours to (11.4±0.2) mm Hg, with a peak of ICP (16.3–17.1) mm Hg. This dynamic of pressure was observed until the development of intestinal suture failure (anastomotic leakage), with a reduction of ICP after it. In patients with anastomositis such a reduction of ICP wasn’t noticed. It had importance not only the increasing the level of pressure 16.3–17.1 mm Hg, but it’s duration for 12–18 hours.Цель работы: улучшение результатов лечения больных с хирургической патологией ободочной кишки путем разработки и внедрения патогенетически обоснованного алгоритма лечения и техники создания анастомоза, направленного на снижение частоты послеоперационных осложнений. Материалы и методы. В группе из 30 пациентов измеряли внутрикишечное давление (ВКД) в послеоперационном периоде. Во время операции, кроме трансанального дренажа, который заводили выше анастомоза на 5–10 см, проводили трубку диаметром 0,5 см, конец которой устанавливали на уровне толстокишечного анастомоза (ТКА). Измерение давления проводили методом Вальдмана в течение 72 ч с момента операции, каждые 4 часа. Выполняли 2 измерения – до и после промывания трансанального дренажа. При выполнении восстановительного вмешательства ТКА по разработанной методике выполнили – у 17, ручной двухрядный ТКА – 3, аппаратный ТКА – 10 пациентов. Результаты исследований и их обсуждение. Установлено, что в послеоперационном периоде в ободочной кишке отмечается рост ВКД в течение первых 24–36 ч в среднем до (5,3 ± 0,1) мм рт. ст., с последующим снижением его в течение следующих 12–20 ч. до (2,1 ± 0,3) мм рт. ст. Через 20 мин после промывания трансанального дренажа уровень ВКД снижается в среднем на (3,0 ± 1,3) мм рт. ст. Это снижение удерживалось в течение 3–5 ч, после чего отмечено постепенное увеличение ВКД. При применении традиционного двухрядного анастомоза у 2 больных отмечено несостоятельность ТКА у 1 пациента, у второго – анастомозит. ТКА разработанным способом выполнено 17 больным, аппаратный ТКА применили у 10 больных, при этом анастомозит развился у одного пациента. Осложнения наблюдали преимущественно при применении ручного традиционного шва (10 %). У всех больных с развитыми нарушениями заживления кишечного отмечается повышение ВКД через 16–60 ч до (11,4 ± 0,2) мм рт. ст., с пиком уровня ВКД 16,3-17,1 мм рт. ст., что наблюдалась вплоть до развития несостоятельности анастомоза, с последующим резким снижением ВКД. При анастомозите подобного снижения ВКД не было. Имело значение не только устойчивое повышение ВКД с критическим уровнем до 16,3–17,1 мм рт. ст., но и продолжительность воздействия его в течение 12–18 ч.Мета роботи: покращення результатів лікування хворих із хірургічною патологією ободової кишки шляхом розпрацювання і впровадження патогенетично обґрунтованого алгоритму лікування та техніки створення анастомозу, спрямованого на зниження частоти післяопераційних ускладнень. Матеріали і методи. В групі з 30 пацієнтів вимірювали внутрішньокишковий тиск (ВКТ) у післяопераційному періоді. Під час операції, крім трансанального дренажу, який заводили вище анастомозу на 5–10 см, проводили трубку діаметром 0,5 см, кінець якої встановлювали на рівні товстокишкового анастомозу (ТКА). Вимірювання тиску проводили методом Вальдмана протягом 72 год із моменту операції, кожні 4 години. При цьому виконували 2 вимірювання – до і після промивання трансанального дренажу. При виконанні відновного втручання ТКА за розробленою методикою виконали – 17, ручний дворядний ТКА – 3, апаратний ТКА – 10 хворим. Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Встановлено, що в післяопераційному періоді в ободовій кишці спостерігається зростання ВКТ (Р) протягом перших 24–36 год (t) в середньому до (5,3 ± 0,1) мм рт. ст., з подальшим зниженням цього рівня протягом наступних 12–20 год до (2,1 ± 0,3) мм рт. ст. Через 20 хв після промивання трансанального дренажу і відходження “промивних вод” рівень ВКТ знижується в середньому на (3,0 ± 1,3) мм рт. ст. Це зниження утримувалося протягом 3–5 год, після чого відбулося поступове зростання рівня ВКТ. При застосуванні традиційного дворядного анастомозу у 2 хворих відмічено в одному спостереженні неспроможність ТКА, у другому – анастомозит. ТКА розробленим способом виконано 17 хворим, апаратний ТКА – 10 хворим, анастомозит розвинувся в одного пацієнта. Ускладнення траплялися переважно при застосуванні ручного традиційного шва (10 %). У всіх хворих з розвиненими порушеннями загоєння анастомозу спостерігається підвищення ВКТ через 16–60 год до (11,4 ± 0,2) мм рт. ст., з піком близько (16,3–17,1) мм рт. ст., що спостерігалось аж до розвитку неспроможності анастомозу, з наступним різким зниженням ВКТ. При анастомозиті подібного зниження ВКТ не було. Мало значення не тільки стійке підвищення ВКТ з критичним рівнем до 16,3–17,1 мм рт. ст., а й тривалість впливу його протягом 12–18 год

Accelerated and Improved Quantification of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Titers by Flow Cytometry

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a natural murine pathogen, is a member of the Arenavirus family, may cause atypical meningitis in humans, and has been utilized extensively as a model pathogen for the study of virus-induced disease and immune responses. Historically, viral titers have been quantified by a standard plaque assay, but for non-cytopathic viruses including LCMV this requires lengthy incubation, so results cannot be obtained rapidly. Additionally, due to specific technical constraints of the plaque assay including the visual detection format, it has an element of subjectivity along with limited sensitivity. In this study, we describe the development of a FACS-based assay that utilizes detection of LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) expression in infected cells to determine viral titers, and that exhibits several advantages over the standard plaque assay. We show that the LCMV-NP FACS assay is an objective and reproducible detection method that requires smaller sample volumes, exhibits a ∼20-fold increase in sensitivity to and produces results three times faster than the plaque assay. Importantly, when applied to models of acute and chronic LCMV infection, the LCMV-NP FACS assay revealed the presence of infectious virus in samples that were determined to be negative by plaque assay. Therefore, this technique represents an accelerated, enhanced and objective alternative method for detection of infectious LCMV that is amenable to adaptation for other viral infections as well as high throughput diagnostic platforms

Transforming Growth Factor-β Suppresses the Activation of CD8+ T-Cells When Naïve but Promotes Their Survival and Function Once Antigen Experienced : A Two-Faced Impact on Autoimmunity

OBJECTIVE—Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) can exhibit strong immune suppression but has also been shown to promote T-cell growth. We investigated the differential effect of this cytokine on CD8+ T-cells in autoimmunity and antiviral immunity

Monitoring increases in fracture connectivity during hydraulic stimulations from temporal variations in shear wave splitting polarization

Hydraulic overpressure can induce fractures and increase permeability in a range of geological settings, including volcanological, glacial and petroleum reservoirs. Here we consider an example of induced hydraulic fracture stimulation in a tight-gas sandstone. Successful exploitation of tight-gas reservoirs requires fracture networks, either naturally occurring, or generated through hydraulic stimulation. The study of seismic anisotropy provides a means to infer properties of fracture networks, such as the dominant orientation of fracture sets and fracture compliances. Shear wave splitting from microseismic data acquired during hydraulic fracture stimulation allows us to not only estimate anisotropy and fracture properties, but also to monitor their evolution through time. Here, we analyse shear wave splitting using microseismic events recorded during a multistage hydraulic fracture stimulation in a tight-gas sandstone reservoir. A substantial rotation in the dominant fast polarization direction (ψ) is observed between the events of stage 1 and those from later stages. Although large changes in ψ have often been linked to stress-induced changes in crack orientation, here we argue that it can better be explained by a smaller fracture rotation coupled with an increase in the ratio of normal to tangential compliance (ZN/ZT) from 0.3 to 0.6. ZN/ZT is sensitive to elements of the internal architecture of the fracture, as well as fracture connectivity and permeability. Thus, monitoring ZN/ZT with shear wave splitting can potentially allow us to remotely detect changes in permeability caused by hydraulic stimulation in a range of geological settings

The DEAD-box RNA Helicase DDX6 is Required for Efficient Encapsidation of a Retroviral Genome

Viruses have to encapsidate their own genomes during the assembly process. For most RNA viruses, there are sequences within the viral RNA and virion proteins needed for high efficiency of genome encapsidation. However, the roles of host proteins in this process are not understood. Here we find that the cellular DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX6 is required for efficient genome packaging of foamy virus, a spumaretrovirus. After infection, a significant amount of DDX6, normally concentrated in P bodies and stress granules, re-localizes to the pericentriolar site where viral RNAs and Gag capsid proteins are concentrated and capsids are assembled. Knockdown of DDX6 by siRNA leads to a decreased level of viral nucleic acids in extracellular particles, although viral protein expression, capsid assembly and release, and accumulation of viral RNA and Gag protein at the assembly site are little affected. DDX6 does not interact stably with Gag proteins nor is it incorporated into particles. However, we find that the ATPase/helicase motif of DDX6 is essential for viral replication. This suggests that the ATP hydrolysis and/or the RNA unwinding activities of DDX6 function in moderating the viral RNA conformation and/or viral RNA-Gag ribonucleoprotein complex in a transient manner to facilitate incorporation of the viral RNA into particles. These results reveal a unique role for a highly conserved cellular protein of RNA metabolism in specifically re-locating to the site of viral assembly for its function as a catalyst in retroviral RNA packaging

Apobec 3G Efficiently Reduces Infectivity of the Human Exogenous Gammaretrovirus XMRV

The human exogenous gammaretrovirus XMRV is thought to be implicated in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Besides pressing epidemiologic questions, the elucidation of the tissue and cell tropism of the virus, as well as its sensitivity to retroviral restriction factors is of fundamental importance. The Apobec3 (A3) proteins, a family of cytidine deaminases, are one important group of host proteins that control primary infection and efficient viral spread.Here we demonstrate that XMRV is resistant to human Apobec 3B, 3C and 3F, while being highly susceptible to the human A3G protein, a factor which is known to confer antiviral activity against most retroviruses. We show that XMRV as well as MoMLV virions package Apobec proteins independent of their specific restriction activity. hA3G was found to be a potent inhibitor of XMRV as well as of MoMLV infectivity. In contrast to MoMLV, XMRV infection can also be partially reduced by low concentrations of mA3. Interestingly, established prostate cancer cell lines, which are highly susceptible to XMRV infection, do not or only weakly express hA3G.Our findings confirm and extend recently published data that show restriction of XMRV infection by hA3G. The results will be of value to explore which cells are infected with XMRV and efficiently support viral spread in vivo. Furthermore, the observation that XMRV infection can be reduced by mA3 is of interest with regard to the current natural reservoir of XMRV infection

Characterization of a nonvirulent variant of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

A cold-adapted, nonvirulent variant of the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was isolated from infected L929 cells maintained at 25° C. This variant, designated P17, was capable of replicating in the central nervous system of mice without causing disease and conferring immunity to back challenge with the parental strain.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41689/1/705_2005_Article_BF01320786.pd