Determination of the Application Parameters of Spraying Drones for Crop Production in Hazelnut Orchards

Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. In September 2021, applications were made with DJI Agras MG-1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1.5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L.da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L.da-1 and 2 L.da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1.5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L.da-1 spray rate

Yerli portakal çeşitlerinin meyve suyu teknolojisi bakımından önemli bazı özelliklerinin belirlenmesi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, Alanya Dilimlisi, Dörtyol Yerli, Finike Yerli ve Kozan Yerli yerli portakal çeşitlerinin ve onlardan elde edilen meyve sularının, meyve suyu teknolojisi bakımından önemli bazı özellikleri ile bu özelliklerde olgunlaşma periyodu boyunca (Aralık 2009-Şubat 2010) meydana gelen değişmeler incelenmiştir.Yerli portakal çeşitlerimizin meyve eni, boyu ve ağırlığı ile meyve suyu randımanının derim mevsimi boyunca arttığı, meyve suyu randımanının portakal çeşitlerimizde %49-61 arasında değiştiği ve en yüksek randımanın Alanya Dilimlisi ve Dörtyol portakal çeşitlerinde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.Portakal çeşitlerimizden elde edilen portakal sularında hakim olan organik asidin sitrik asit olduğu (657.65-1024.49 ppm) ve diğer organik asitlerin ise sırasıyla askorbik asit (501.36-821.56 ppm) ve malik asit (54.12-101.22 ppm) olduğu belirlenmiştir.Portakal sularında en fazla bulunan şekerin sakkaroz olduğu (3.25-4.78 g/100 g) ve bunu sırasıyla glikoz (2.11-4.0 g/100 g) ve fruktoz (1.99-3.37 g/100 g)'un izlediği ve derim dönemi boyunca, portakal çeşitlerinin glikoz, fruktoz ve sakkaroz içeriklerinde önemli bir değişme olmadığı saptanmıştır.Portakal sularında baskın olan karotenoitin ß-karoten olduğu (10.12-24.20 ppm) ve Kozan Yerli portakal çeşidinin en zengin ß-karoten içeriğine sahip olduğu, buna ek olarak, olgunlaşma periyodu boyunca ?- ve ß- karoten, ß-apo-8-karotenal, Ksantofil miktarlarının azaldığı, ß-kriptoksantin ve Zeaksantin miktarlarının ise arttığı tespit edilmiştir.Yerli portakal örneklerinden elde edilen portakal sularının renk değerlerinin de kabul edilebilir olduğu ve portakal sularının kendine özgü renklerini korudukları belirlenmiştir.Alanya Dilimlisi, Dörtyol Yerli, Finike Yerli ve Kozan Yerli portakal çeşitlerinden elde edilen bulgulara göre; turunçgil suyu üretim teknolojisi açısından Dörtyol Yerli ve Kozan Yerli portakal çeşitlerinin üstün niteliklere sahip oldukları kanısına varılmıştır.Some properties important for fruit juice technology of native oranges ?Kozan Yerli, Dörtyol Yerli, Finike Yerli and Alanya Dilimlisi? and the juice extracted from them also the changes occurred during the maturation period (December 2009- February 2010) was searched in this study.The length, width, weight and fruit juice yield of native oranges were increased through maturation period, therefore fruit juice yield changed between 49-61%. The highest yield was at Dörtyol Yerli and Alanya Dilimlisi oranges.Citric acid (657.65-1024.49 ppm) was detected as the most dominant organic acid in oranges juices obtained from native oranges and other organic acids were ascorbic (501.36-821.56 ppm) and malic acid (54.12-101.22 ppm).Sucrose (3.25-4.78 g/100 g) was detected as the highest amount sugar in orange juices and followed by glucose (2.11-4.0 g/100 g) and fructose (1.99-3.37 g/100 g). Glucose, fructose and sucrose content changes during maturation period were not significant.ß-carotene was detected as the dominant carotenoid in orange juices and Kozan Yerli had the richest ß-carotene content. In addition to that a decrease in ?- and ß-carotene, ß-apo-8-carotenal, xantophyll amounts and an increase in ß-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin amounts were detected.Colour values of orange juices obtained from native orange samples was found acceptable and it is determined that orange juices maintained their specific colours.According to obtained data it is determined that Dörtyol Yerli and Kozan Yerli oranges had superior properties in terms of citrus juice production technology

Organik Patates Yetiştiriciliği Üzerinde Araştırmalar

Samsun-Ladik’de iki yıl (2005 ve 2006) süresince yürütülen bu çalışmada bitkisel materyal olarak organik üretim için önerilen Sante çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kontrol (gübresiz), ahır gübresi (1 ton/da), çeltik kavuzu (100 kg/da), ahır gübresi+çeltik kavuzu( 1 ton/da+100 kg/da), biofarm (250 kg/da) ve inorganik gübre (NPK, 15:5:20 kg/da) olmak üzere altı uygulama denenmiştir. Patates böceği ile mücadelede azadractin kullanılmış olup, etkili sonuç alınmıştır. Organik parsellerde 1.sınıf verim ve toplam verim NPK uygulamasına göre daha düşük olmuştur. Ortalama değerlere göre yumru iriliği ve bitki başına düşen ortalama yumru sayısı organik parsellerde NPK uygulamasına göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Yumrunun kuru madde miktarı ve özgül ağırlık değerleri bakımından organik ve geleneksel yöntem arasında farklılık belirlenmemiştir. Buna karşın yumrunun kül ve protein miktarı bakımından uygulamalar arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. En fazla kül içeriği kontrolden (%6.08) elde edilmiş olup, diğer uygulamalar aynı grup içerisinde yer almıştır. Ortalama değerler dikkate alındığında en fazla protein içeriği NPK uygulamasından (%9.26), en düşük ise ahır gübresi uygulamasından (%7.25) elde edilmiştir

Spectroscopy and machine learning in food processing survey

For food safety, quality control from the foodstuff production to the tasting of foods is needed and should be simple and non-destructive. Recent and notable non-destructive measurements of food and agricultural products are based on optical and spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopy, meets the requirements of industrial applications for continuous quality control and process monitoring. Hence, this article covers a survey of recent research works, highlighting the application of spectroscopy and machine learning in food processing from bibliographic database. The survey was based on relevant articles, obtained from scientific database and evaluated selected research works based on survey inquires, the assessment included food processing problem addressed (varieties classification, origin identification, adulteration and quality control), types of spectroscopy used, machine learning models applied to solve the particular problem and keyword analysis to show the perspective of the research

Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery Presence and Usage Activities in Tokat

In this study, the area of influence of agricultural machinery in Tokat, its districts and the size of the cultivated area were compared. Required number of machineries was evaluated. Thus, the machines were divided into seven groups (Soil Tillage Machinery, Sowing and Planting Machinery, Maintenance and Fertilization Machinery, Plant Protection Machinery, Harvesting Machinery, Combine Harvester, Tractors). Data on the number of cultivated areas and agricultural machinery were taken from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The number of machines, daily working time, annual workable days, effective working capacity, and machine impact area for each machine were calculated separately. Based on this data, the number of machines that should be in each district was determined. As a result, it was determined that the number of Subsoiler, Combi Harrow, Stone Collecting Machinery, Rotary Cultivator, Soil levelling Machinery, Rotary Tiller, Seedling Planting Machinery, Arc Opening Plough, Manure Spreading Machinery, Baler, and Combine Harvester is insufficient in the province of Tokat. It was determined that other machines in the groups were more than necessary. Baler had the highest deficit, while tractor had the highest surplus. The importance of planning in enterprises and the machines that should be prioritized in the production of industrialists have been revealed

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Kaizen Perspective in Curriculum Development

Kaizen is the combination of the words kai (change) and zen (better) in Japanese. It means change for the better, continuous improvement (Albayrak, 2019). In Japan, Kaizen is a task for all staff and stakeholders. Kaizen can be regarded as the reflection of two different perspectives on management in terms of two distinct cultures. The difference between these two approaches is that the Western perspective focuses on the result of the premise while Japanese perspective zeroes on the process. While it is aimed to solve the problems by the stakeholders in different positions in terms of Western perspective, it is common to solve them together in Kaizen philosophy. This kind of habit of putting the hand under the stone has brought success in competition for Japan in business and manufacture. Hence, in this study it is aimed to investigate the basic principles of the Kaizen approach in terms of curriculum development and its principles, so the questions given as follows are sought: 1. What are the core principles of the Kaizen approach? 2. How the Kaizen approach is applied in different branches as well as education? 3. What kind of a curriculum development model can be suggested to improve the Kaizen approach in curriculum and development process? Therefore, Kaizen principles will be examined through document analysis technique in order to reveal core principles of it in the context of curriculum development models as well as proposing curriculum development model based on Kaizen approach. It can be inferred that the core principles of the Kaizen approach have many similarities and differences with curriculum and development approaches

Improvement of super allay material with surface treatment and its characterization

06.03.2018 tarih ve 30352 sayılı Resmi gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Inconel 718, içerisinde önemli miktarda Ni, Fe ve Nb içeren demir nikel bazlı süper alaşımdır. İçerdiği yüksek niyobyum sayesinde çökelti sertleşmesi ile yüksek mukavemet değerlerine sahip olmakta ve dayanımını 650 °C'ye kadar korumaktadır. Inconel 718 malzemesi uçak motorları, nükleer tesisler gibi yüksek sıcaklık dayanımı ve mukavemeti istenen uygulamalarda aranan malzeme grubu haline gelmiştir. Yüzey kaplama işlemleri, malzemeyi hem görünüş hem de fiziksel ve kimyasal bakımdan daha dayanıklı hale getirmek için bir metalin yüzeyini metal, ametal veya organik madde ile kaplama işlemleridir. Borlama ısıl işlemi ise bor atomlarının metal yüzeyine difüzyonu ile malzeme yüzeyini güçlendiren bir termokimyasal yüzey sertleştirme işlemidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Inconel 718 süper alaşımının, termokimyasal yöntemle borlanması sonucu oluşan fazları tespit etmek ve borlama sonucu oluşan borür tabakasının malzemenin mekanik özelliklerine etkisini incelemektir. Inconel 718 süper alaşımına ait numuneler, 950 °C sıcaklığında 4, 8 ve 16 saat süre ile bor ve kömür tozu kullanılarak kutu borlama yöntemiyle borlanmıştır. Borlama işleminin ardından numunelerin; taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile kesit incelemeleri, X-ışınlar difraksiyonu (XRD) analizi, optik mikroskop analizi, mikro-sertlik ölçümleri ve aşınma testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucu, aşınma dayanımı en iyi olan numunenin 4 saatlik borlama süresine tabi tutulan numune olduğu ve bunu destekleyecek şekilde en sert ve en iyi nüfuziyet gösteren tabakanın da 4 saatlik numuneye ait olduğu tespit edilmiştir. XRD analizleri ile oluşan fazlar tespiti yapılmıştır. SEM ve optik analizlerle tabakaların kesitleri incelenmiştir.Inconel 718; iron is a nickel-based superalloy group and contains a significant amount of nickel, iron and niobium. Thanks to the high niobium it contains, it has high strength values with precipitation hardening and maintains its strength up to 650 ° C. Thus, Inconel 718; Aircraft engines, nuclear facilities, such as high temperature resistance and resistance to the desired material has become the group of applications. Surface coating processes are carried out in order to make the material more durable both in appearance and physically and chemically by covering the surface of a metal with metal, nonmetallic or organic material. Boron heat treatment is a diffusion controlled surface hardening process, where the boron phases are formed as a result of diffusion of boron atoms to the material surface at high temperatures. The aim of this study is to determine the phases formed by thermochemical boronization of Inconel 718 superalloy and to investigate the effect of boron layer formed by boronizing on the mechanical properties of the material. For this purpose, samples of Inconel 718 superalloy were boronized by box boring using boron and coal dust at 950 °C for 4, 8 and 16 hours. After boronizing the samples; scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crosssectional investigations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, optical microscope analysis, micro hardness measurements and wear tests were performed. As a result of the investigations, it was found that the best abrasion resistant specimen was subjected to a boronizing time of 4 hours and the hardest and best penetrating layer to support it belonged to the 4 hour specimen. The phases were determined by XRD analysis. Sections of the layers were examined by SEM and Optical analyzes

Evaluation Of An Engineering Problem With Theory Of Inventive Problem Solving

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011İşletmelerde karşılaşılan problemlerin çözümünde ya da yürütülen projelerde belli başlı konstrüksiyon sistematikleri ve teknikler kullanılmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında, özelikle seri üretime uygun ve problem odaklı olarak gelen teknik ödevlerin yaratıcı problem çözme tekniği yardımıyla nasıl ele alınabileceğine dair çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İlk bölümde bu çalışmanın hangi sebeplerden dolayı ele alındığı detaylandırıldıktan sonra konstrüksiyon sistematikleri hakkındaki çalışmalar aktarılmış ve yaratıcı problem çözme tekniğinin hangi adımlarda uygulanabileceği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde yaratıcı problem çözme tekniğine dair detaylı bilgiler verilmiş, bu tekniğinin nasıl doğduğu ve araç ve metodlarının ne olduğu detaylandırılmıştır. Ek olarak TRİZ’in ilk bölümde belirlenen alanlarda nasıl uygulanabileceğine dair modeller oluşturulmuş ve uygulanabileceği türler ve şekiller detaylandırılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise, IEC/EN 60335 standardına uyum sağlamayı hedefleyen bir problem örnek olarak ele alınmıştır. Problem kapsamında fırın kapısının açık ve yüklü olması halinde belli yükleme değerleri altında fırının devrilmemesi istenmektedir. Yaratıcı problem çözme tekniği yardımıyla, ikinci bölümde oluşturulan modeller ile çözüm alternatifleri üretilmiş ve uygun olan çözüm seçilerek detaylandırılmıştır. Son bölümde ise tez kapsamında önerilen bu yöntemler değerlendirilmiş ve firmalara sağlayıcı katma değerden bahsedilmiştir. Ek olarak bu ve benzer yöntemlerin gelişimini sürdürerek bilgisayar destekli inovasyonu oluşturacağı ve gelecekte standart bir ürün olarak mühendislerin kullanımında olan bir ürün olacağına dair bilgiler verilmiştir.Different engineering systematics and methods are in use at the companies for solving problem and managing project. In the context of this thesis, creating new approachs with the the adaptation of theory of inventive problem solving (TIPS) to the engineering design systematic is aimed to take more efficient solutions for technical tasks which are problem oriented and appropriable to mass production. At first chapter, the reason of handling this topic shared and studies shared about engineering design systematics. Later, the adaptation points’ of theory of inventive problem solving method determined. At second chapter, there is some useful informations about TIPS such as how is it created and what is its tools and methods.In addition, there is an information and new models with detail kinds and figures about the application of TIPS to the points which were determined at the first chapter. At third chapter, a problem which is about adaptation to IEC/EN 60335 standart was handled as an example. Problem is about the oven doors and the stability of oven, as a detail ovens shall have adequate stability when the open door is subjected to a load. With appropriate new model solutşon alternatives created and proper one was elaborated as an engineering solution. At final chapter, new approaches and models were evaluated and their additives to the companies was mentioned. Moreover, development of this and similar technics will continue and form the formation of computer aided innovation which may be a standart tool for an engineers.Yüksek LisansM.Sc