Les « effets tertiaires » du médicament psychotrope. Bilan d’une recherche anthropologique menée dans le Sud-Ouest de la France auprès de consommateurs âgés

Cet article expose une partie des résultats d'une recherche menée, dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, sur la consommation de psychotropes par les personnes âgées. À partir de deux institutions pour personnes âgées, nous avons cherché à mesurer la consommation de psychotropes avant et pendant l'institutionnalisation, à l'aide d'un questionnaire médical distribué aux médecins intervenants dans ces structures. Le second objectif de cette étude était de comprendre l'impact de cette consommation sur les relations sociales, à domicile et en institution, grâce à une étude anthropologique. Des personnes âgées, des membres de leur famille, des médecins ainsi que tous les autres acteurs concernés par cette consommation ont été interrogés, sous formes d'entretiens semi-directifs. Outre la consommation générale de psychotropes dans les deux institutions, dont on visait à comprendre l'ampleur, seules les modifications des rapports familiaux après la prise de psychotropes à domicile sont exposées dans cet article.This article presents part of the results of a research conducted in the South-west of France on consumption by elderlies of psychotropic drugs. Two institutions have been chosen. The author was seeking to measure the consumption of psychotropic drugs before and after institutionalization, based on a medical questionnaire distributed to doctors working in these institutions. The author then examines the impact of this consumption on social relations, at home and within institutions, from an anthropologic perspective. Elderlies, members of their families, as well as doctors and other parties concerned by this consumption have been questioned during semi-directed interviews. Other than the general consumption of psychotropic drugs in the two institutions which the author attempts to understand the extent, only modifications in family relationships after the taking of drugs at home are exposed in this article

Suzanne MCCORKLE et Melanie REESE, Personal conflict management: theory and practice

Cet ouvrage, dont les auteures sont à la fois chercheuses et médiatrices, constitue une mise en perspective pédagogique de leurs expériences professionnelles ainsi que des avancées scientifiques en gestion des conflits. La première partie consiste en un cadrage du concept de « conflit interpersonnel ». Selon les auteures, un conflit intervient lorsqu’au moins deux personnes font l’expérience de difficultés relationnelles dont l’élément déclencheur est la présence de buts contradictoires. Elle..

Les enjeux du genre dans les pratiques professionnelles des communicant·es

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre la prise en compte des enjeux du genre par les professionnel·les de la communication. La littérature montre que le domaine de la communication est caractérisé par un certain « régime d’inégalités » (Acker, 2006) : à une division genrée entre emplois masculins prestigieux et métiers féminins moins valorisés, s’ajoute l’expérience du « plafond de verre » et de l’inégalité salariale. Des associations de professionnel·les ont commencé à mener des actions pour favoriser l’égalité femmes/hommes et promouvoir des pratiques plus attentives au genre. À partir d’une méthode mixte, nous cherchons à identifier un éventuel « terreau » organisationnel favorable à la prise en compte de ces enjeux dans les pratiques quotidiennes. L’analyse croisée des données quantitatives et qualitatives met en lumière le rôle de l’autonomie et de la perception d’un environnement de travail respectueux de la diversité. L’importance de la sensibilité individuelle à ces questions apparaît également dans les entretiens collectés.The goal of this paper is to bring into light how public relations (PR) professionals integrate gender issues in their daily work practices. In academic studies, the PR field is marked by a specific “inequality regime” (Acker, 2006): women in that area struggle with the “glass ceiling” and an “horizontal segregation”, referring to the sharp divide between rewarding male jobs and less prestigious female occupations. Some professional associations are aware of these concerns and started to take actions to promote gender equality in work settings and in communication practices. In this research, we posit a connection between organizational factors and the incorporation of gender issues in professionals’ daily communication practices. We draw on a mixt research method combining a quantitative survey via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis brings to the fore the role of autonomy as well as the sensation to work in an organization prone to diversity and gender equality. The importance of an individual sensitivity to these questions also appears in the interviews collected

Multidisciplinary investigation on cold seeps with vigorous gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara (MarsiteCruise): Strategy for site detection and sampling and first scientific outcome

MarsiteCruise was undertaken in October/November 2014 in the Sea of Marmara to gain detailed insight into the fate of fluids migrating within the sedimentary column and partially released into the water column. The overall objective of the project was to achieve a more global understanding of cold-seep dynamics in the context of a major active strike-slip fault. Five remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives were performed at selected areas along the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults. To efficiently detect, select and sample the gas seeps, we applied an original procedure. It combines sequentially (1) the acquisition of ship-borne multibeam acoustic data from the water column prior to each dive to detect gas emission sites and to design the tracks of the ROV dives, (2) in situ and real-time Raman spectroscopy analysis of the gas stream, and (3) onboard determination of molecular and isotopic compositions of the collected gas bubbles. The in situ Raman spectroscopy was used as a decision-making tool to evaluate the need for continuing with the sampling of gases from the discovered seep, or to move to another one. Push cores were gathered to study buried carbonates and pore waters at the surficial sediment, while CTD-Rosette allowed collecting samples to measure dissolved-methane concentration within the water column followed by a comparison with measurements from samples collected with the submersible Nautile during the Marnaut cruise in 2007. Overall, the visited sites were characterized by a wide diversity of seeps. CO2- and oil-rich seeps were found at the westernmost part of the sea in the Tekirdag Basin, while amphipods, anemones and coral populated the sites visited at the easternmost part in the Cinarcik Basin. Methane-derived authigenic carbonates and bacterial mats were widespread on the seafloor at all sites with variable size and distributions. The measured methane concentrations in the water column were up to 377 μmol, and the dissolved pore-water profiles indicated the occurrence of sulfate depleting processes accompanied with carbonate precipitation. The pore-water profiles display evidence of biogeochemical transformations leading to the fast depletion of seawater sulfate within the first 25-cm depth of the sediment. These results show that the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults are important migration paths for fluids for which a significant part is discharged into the water column, contributing to the increase of methane concentration at the bottom seawater and favoring the development of specific ecosystems

The Compartmentalisation of Phosphorylated Free Oligosaccharides in Cells from a CDG Ig Patient Reveals a Novel ER-to-Cytosol Translocation Process

BACKGROUND: Biosynthesis of the dolichol linked oligosaccharide (DLO) required for protein N-glycosylation starts on the cytoplasmic face of the ER to give Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol, which then flips into the ER for further glycosylation yielding mature DLO (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol). After transfer of Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) onto protein, dolichol-PP is recycled to dolichol-P and reused for DLO biosynthesis. Because de novo dolichol synthesis is slow, dolichol recycling is rate limiting for protein glycosylation. Immature DLO intermediates may also be recycled by pyrophosphatase-mediated cleavage to yield dolichol-P and phosphorylated oligosaccharides (fOSGN2-P). Here, we examine fOSGN2-P generation in cells from patients with type I Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG I) in which defects in the dolichol cycle cause accumulation of immature DLO intermediates and protein hypoglycosylation. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells from CDG I patients and normal subjects a correlation exists between the quantities of metabolically radiolabeled fOSGN2-P and truncated DLO intermediates only when these two classes of compounds possess 7 or less hexose residues. Larger fOSGN2-P were difficult to detect despite an abundance of more fully mannosylated and glucosylated DLO. When CDG Ig cells, which accumulate Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol, are permeabilised so that vesicular transport and protein synthesis are abolished, the DLO pool required for Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-P generation could be depleted by adding exogenous glycosylation acceptor peptide. Under conditions where a glycotripeptide and neutral free oligosaccharides remain predominantly in the lumen of the ER, Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-P appears in the cytosol without detectable generation of ER luminal Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-P. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The DLO pools required for N-glycosylation and fOSGN2-P generation are functionally linked and this substantiates the hypothesis that pyrophosphatase-mediated cleavage of DLO intermediates yields recyclable dolichol-P. The kinetics of cytosolic fOSGN2-P generation from a luminally-generated DLO intermediate demonstrate the presence of a previously undetected ER-to-cytosol translocation process for either fOSGN2-P or DLO

MicroRNA and Target Protein Patterns Reveal Physiopathological Features of Glioma Subtypes

Gliomas such as oligodendrogliomas (ODG) and glioblastomas (GBM) are brain tumours with different clinical outcomes. Histology-based classification of these tumour types is often difficult. Therefore the first aim of this study was to gain microRNA data that can be used as reliable signatures of oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas. We investigated the levels of 282 microRNAs using membrane-array hybridisation and real-time PCR in ODG, GBM and control brain tissues. In comparison to these control tissues, 26 deregulated microRNAs were identified in tumours and the tissue levels of seven microRNAs (miR-21, miR-128, miR-132, miR-134, miR-155, miR-210 and miR-409-5p) appropriately discriminated oligodendrogliomas from glioblastomas. Genomic, epigenomic and host gene expression studies were conducted to investigate the mechanisms involved in these deregulations. Another aim of this study was to better understand glioma physiopathology looking for targets of deregulated microRNAs. We discovered that some targets of these microRNAs such as STAT3, PTBP1 or SIRT1 are differentially expressed in gliomas consistent with deregulation of microRNA expression. Moreover, MDH1, the target of several deregulated microRNAs, is repressed in glioblastomas, making an intramitochondrial-NAD reduction mediated by the mitochondrial aspartate-malate shuttle unlikely. Understanding the connections between microRNAs and bioenergetic pathways in gliomas may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets

Cyber harcèlement au travail : revue de la littérature anglophone

Cet article porte sur le cyber harcèlement en contexte professionnel. À partir d’un corpus constitué de travaux scientifiques publiés récemment dans la littérature anglophone, nous montrerons que les technologies de l’information et de la communication bouleversent les formes de harcèlement traditionnelles, ainsi que leurs conséquences sur les individus ciblés. Nous analyserons également la manière dont l’usage de ces outils perturbe les rapports de pouvoir à l’œuvre dans les organisations. Enfin, nous présenterons les pistes que ce champ de recherche ouvre en communication des organisations.This paper aims at exploring the phenomenon of cyber bullying in a work setting. We wonder whether ICTs extend or disrupt the manifestations, consequences of face-to-face bullying as well as power relations between the people involved. To do so, a body of papers published in Anglo-Saxon databases was collected. Then, suggestions for studying cyber bullying through an organizational communication lens are presented

Philippe Coen, Internet contre Internhate : plaidoyer pour le respect. 50 propositions pour détoxer les réseaux sociaux

Internet contre Internhate vise à provoquer une prise de conscience et à proposer plusieurs actions à mettre en œuvre afin d’ancrer durablement le respect dans la sphère numérique. Son auteur, Philippe Coen, juriste et avocat de formation, a fondé l’ONG Respect Zone ainsi que le label du même nom. L’ouvrage adopte la structure originale d’une plaidoirie d’avocat. Dans une première partie, l’auteur dresse un état des lieux de la haine sur internet, ses manifestations, ses facteurs d’émergence ..

MARTIN-JUCHAT Fabienne et STAII Adrian, 2016. L’industrialisation des émotions. Vers une radicalisation de la modernité ?

L’ouvrage coordonné par Fabienne Martin-Juchat et Adrian Staii part du postulat que, dans les sociétés modernes, les technologies informatisées « sollicitent constamment l’individu et l’incitent à communiquer, à se divertir, à travailler, à acheter, à vendre, à consommer… » Ces phénomènes sont souvent appréhendés à travers le paradigme de « l’économie de l’attention » qui, à force de réappropriations successives, tend à s’ériger en doxa. Adrian Staii appréhende les technologies informatisées ..