When does early-life telomere length predict survival?:A case study and meta-analysis

Suboptimal conditions during development can shorten telomeres, the protective DNA caps on the end of chromosomes. Shorter early-life telomere length (TL) can indicate reduced somatic maintenance, leading to lower survival and shorter lifespan. However, despite some clear evidence, not all studies show a relationship between early-life TL and survival or lifespan, which may be due to differences in biology or study design (e.g., survival period measured). In superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), we assessed whether early-life TL predicts mortality across different life-history stages (fledgling, juvenile, adult). However, in contrast to a similar study on a congener, early-life TL did not predict mortality across any life stage in this species. We then performed a meta-analysis including 32 effect sizes from 23 studies (15 birds and 3 mammals) to quantify the effect of early-life TL on mortality whilst taking into consideration potential sources of biological and methodological variation. Overall, the effect of early-life TL on mortality was significant, corresponding to a 15% reduction in mortality risk with each standard deviation increase in TL. However, the effect became weaker when correcting for publication bias. Contrary to our predictions, there was no evidence that effects of early-life TL on mortality varied with species lifespan or the period over which survival was measured. However, negative effects of early-life TL on mortality risk were pervasive throughout life. These results imply that effects of early-life TL on mortality are more likely context-dependent rather than age-dependent, although substantial power and publication bias issues highlight the need for more research.Funding provided by: Australian Research CouncilCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923Award Number

Importance of water-based tradeoffs in a reptile using ecotone habitats, the Aspic viper (Vipera aspis)

L'un des enjeux majeurs en écologie est de comprendre et prédire la réponse des organismes aux variations environnementales. Pour cela, la clarification des mécanismes proximaux est une étape indispensable pour comprendre des patrons écologiques généraux comme l'utilisation de l'habitat ou la distribution des espèces. Dans ce contexte, l'approche écophysiologique est particulièrement pertinente. Si la ressource trophique et les contraintes énergétiques ont attiré un intérêt considérable, les compromis liés à l'eau demeurent actuellement peu considérés. Pourtant l'eau est aussi une ressource capitale pouvant être limitante. La régulation de la balance hydrique pourrait donc jouer un rôle clé dans les compromis physiologiques et comportementaux.L'objectif principal de ce doctorat est d'évaluer l'importance des compromis liés à l'eau chez une espèce caractéristique des milieux bordiers (haies, lisières), la vipère aspic (Vipera aspis). Cette espèce vivipare est particulièrement dépendante des conditions thermiques, notamment pour sa reproduction. Notre hypothèse générale est qu'au même titre que les conditions thermiques, les conditions hydriques confrontent l'organisme à des compromis physiologiques et comportementaux importants, particulièrement lors de la reproduction (i.e., gestation). Nous avons combiné des études descriptives (thermorégulation, pertes hydriques) et expérimentales (manipulation de l’accès à l'eau) qui suggèrent l'existence d'un compromis entre la thermorégulation et la balance hydrique. Ces contraintes liées à l'eau sont associées à des ajustements physiologiques et comportementaux qui doivent être considérés pour comprendre les stratégies reproductrices et identifier de possibles conflits intergénérationnels (mère-embryons). Au même titre que les contraintes énergétiques ou thermiques, les besoins en eau sont donc essentiels à considérer pour aborder des questions écologiques et évolutives générales.A major goal in ecology is to understand and predict species responses to environmental variations. Clarifying the proximate factors involved is a crucial step to unravel general ecological patterns such as habitat use or species distribution. In this context, the use of an ecophysiological approach can be particularly relevant. Trophic resource and energy tradeoffs attracted considerable interest but water-based tradeoffs remain relatively overlooked to date. However water is a critical, often limiting resource that must be considered. The regulation of water balance may have a key influence on physiological and behavioral tradeoffs. The main objective in this thesis is to evaluate the importance of water-based tradeoffs in a species characteristic of "ecotone" habitats (hedgerows, edges), the Aspic viper (Vipera aspis). This species is viviparous and highly depends on thermal conditions during reproduction. Our general hypothesis is that, as thermal conditions, hydric conditions should expose individuals to important physiological and behavioral tradeoffs, especially during reproduction (i.e., pregnancy).We combined descriptive (thermoregulation, water losses) and experimental studies (manipulation of water availability) that suggest a significant tradeoff between thermoregulation and water balance regulation. Water-based tradeoffs induce physiological and behavioral adjustments that are relevant to understand reproductive strategies and identify possible transgenerational (mother-embryos) conflicts. As energy or thermal resource, water should therefore also be considered to address ecological or evolutive questions

Importance des compromis liés à l’eau chez une espèce caractéristique des milieux bordiers, la vipère aspic (Vipera aspis)

A major goal in ecology is to understand and predict species responses to environmental variations. Clarifying the proximate factors involved is a crucial step to unravel general ecological patterns such as habitat use or species distribution. In this context, the use of an ecophysiological approach can be particularly relevant. Trophic resource and energy tradeoffs attracted considerable interest but water-based tradeoffs remain relatively overlooked to date. However water is a critical, often limiting resource that must be considered. The regulation of water balance may have a key influence on physiological and behavioral tradeoffs.The main objective in this thesis is to evaluate the importance of water-based tradeoffs in a species characteristic of “ecotone” habitats (hedgerows, edges), the Aspic viper (Vipera aspis). This species is viviparous and highly depends on thermal conditions during reproduction. Our general hypothesis is that, as thermal conditions, hydric conditions should expose individuals to important physiological and behavioral tradeoffs, especially during reproduction (i.e., pregnancy).We combined descriptive (thermoregulation, water losses) and experimental studies (manipulation of water availability) that suggest a significant tradeoff between thermoregulation and water balance regulation. Water-based tradeoffs induce physiological and behavioral adjustments that are relevant to understand reproductive strategies and identify possible transgenerational (mother-embryos) conflicts. As energy or thermal resource, water should therefore also be considered to address ecological or evolutionary questions.L’un des enjeux majeurs en écologie est de comprendre et prédire la réponse des organismes aux variations environnementales. Pour cela, la clarification des mécanismes proximaux est une étape indispensable pour comprendre des patrons écologiques généraux comme l’utilisation de l’habitat ou la distribution des espèces. Dans ce contexte, l’approche écophysiologique est particulièrement pertinente. Si la ressource trophique et les contraintes énergétiques ont attiré un intérêt considérable, les compromis liés à l’eau demeurent actuellement peu considérés. Pourtant l’eau est aussi une ressource capitale pouvant être limitante. La régulation de la balance hydrique pourrait donc jouer un rôle clé dans les compromis physiologiques et comportementaux.L’objectif principal de ce doctorat est d’évaluer l’importance des compromis liés à l’eau chez une espèce caractéristique des milieux bordiers (haies, lisières), la vipère aspic (Vipera aspis). Cette espèce vivipare est particulièrement dépendante des conditions thermiques, notamment pour sa reproduction. Notre hypothèse générale est qu’au même titre que les conditions thermiques, les conditions hydriques confrontent l’organisme à des compromis physiologiques et comportementaux importants, particulièrement lors de la reproduction (i.e., gestation).Nous avons combiné des études descriptives (thermorégulation, pertes hydriques) et expérimentales (manipulation de l’accès à l’eau) qui suggèrent l’existence d’un compromis entre la thermorégulation et la balance hydrique. Ces contraintes liées à l’eau sont associées à des ajustements physiologiques et comportementaux qui doivent être considérés pour comprendre les stratégies reproductrices et identifier de possibles conflits intergénérationnels (mère-embryons). Au même titre que les contraintes énergétiques ou thermiques, les besoins en eau sont donc essentiels à considérer pour aborder des questions écologiques et évolutives générales

Traffic noise decreases nestlings’ metabolic rates in an urban exploiter

International audienceHigh levels of anthropogenic noise produced in urban areas are known to negatively aff ect wildlife. Although most researchhas been focused on the disturbances of communication systems, chronic noise exposure can also lead to physiologicaland behavioural changes that have strong consequences for fi tness. For instance, behavioural changes mediated byanthropogenic noise (e.g. quality of parental care) may alter development and could infl uence nestling phenotype. Wetested if nestling metabolism was infl uence by traffi c noise in an urban exploiter, the house sparrow Passer domesticus .We experimentally exposed breeding house sparrows from a rural area to a playback of traffi c noise and we examinedthe impacts of this experimental procedure on metabolic rates and morphology of nestlings. We did not fi nd an eff ect oftraffi c noise on the morphology of nestlings. Surprisingly, we found that disturbed nestlings had overall lower metabolicrates and mass-adjusted metabolic rates than undisturbed birds. Our results suggest a specifi c eff ect of noise exposureper se, rather than an indirect eff ect of anthropogenic noise through the quality of parental care. Both the proximatemechanisms and the ultimate consequences of such metabolic changes on nestlings remain unknown and deserve futureexperimental studies

Cool, dry nights and short heatwaves during growth result in longer telomeres in temperate songbird nestlings

Abstract Exposure to rising sublethal temperatures can affect development and somatic condition, and thereby Darwinian fitness. In the context of climate warming, these changes could have implications for population viability, but they can be subtle and consequently difficult to quantify. Using telomere length (TL) as a known biomarker of somatic condition in early life, we investigated the impact of pre‐hatching and nestling climate on six cohorts of wild nestling superb fairy wrens ( Malurus cyaneus ) in temperate south‐eastern Australia. Models incorporating only climate information from the nestling phase were best supported compared to those including the (pre‐)laying to incubation phase (previously shown to affect mass) or both phases combined. This implies that nestling TL is most sensitive to ambient climate in the nestling phase. The top model showed a negative relationship between early‐life TL and nestling mean daily minimum temperature when rainfall was low which gradually became positive with increasing rainfall. In addition, there was a positive relationship between TL and the frequency of hot days (daily maximum temperature ≥35°C), although these temperatures were rare and short‐term. Including other pre‐hatching and nestling period, climate variables (e.g., mean daily maximum temperature and mean diurnal temperature variability) did not improve the prediction of nestling TL. Overall, our results suggest that cooler nights when conditions are dry and short‐term temperature spikes above 35°C during development are conducive for somatic maintenance. While these findings indicate a potential pathway for climate warming to impact wildlife fitness, they emphasize the need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these complex associations

Colouration matters in dull toads: ultraviolet adornment for ladies and agrochemicals fading effects

International audienceIntegument colouration can influence many aspects of fitness, and is under strong sexual selection. Amphibians often express sexual dichromatism, and ultra-violet (UV) colouration is usually biased toward males as a sexual signal. As an honest signal, colouration is related to several individual traits, but can also be related to environmental factors such as anthropogenic pollutants, to which amphibians are highly sensitive. In this study, we investigated sexual dichromatism and UV reflectance covering a large visual spectrum (wavelength ranging from 300 to 700 nm) on different body areas (throat, ventral and dorsal areas), in a widespread amphibian species, the spiny toad (Bufo spinosus). Then, we tested the impact of chronic exposure to two widespread herbicides (glyphosate’s primary metabolite [AMPA] and Nicosulfuron) on their colouration. We found a strong but unexpected sexual dichromatism with females reflecting more in the UV spectrum (throat and ventral area) than males, suggesting these body parts might be critical in intra-specific signalling. Females with higher ventral UV reflectance were in better body condition, suggesting an honest signal role of UV reflectance which could influence male choice. Throat colouration was further differentially influenced by agrochemicals according to sexes. In AMPA-exposed males, throat was more saturated in yellow-orange than in control males, and Nicosulfuron exposure decreased the throat’s reflectance hue in females, which can bear consequences on mate attractiveness. Future studies need to investigate the underlying mechanisms that are altered by agrochemical exposure

Background noise decreases nestlings’ metabolic rates in an urban exploiter

International audienc

Data from: Postglacial recolonisation in a cold climate specialist in Western Europe: patterns of genetic diversity in the adder (Vipera berus) support the central-marginal hypothesis

Understanding the impact of postglacial recolonization on genetic diversity is essential in explaining current patterns of genetic variation. The central–marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts a reduction in genetic diversity from the core of the distribution to peripheral populations, as well as reduced connectivity between peripheral populations. While the CMH has received considerable empirical support, its broad applicability is still debated and alternative hypotheses predict different spatial patterns of genetic diversity. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed the genetic diversity of the adder (Vipera berus) in western Europe to reconstruct postglacial recolonization. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) analyses suggested a postglacial recolonization from two routes: a western route from the Atlantic Coast up to Belgium and a central route from the Massif Central to the Alps. This cold-adapted species likely used two isolated glacial refugia in southern France, in permafrost-free areas during the last glacial maximum. Adder populations further from putative glacial refugia had lower genetic diversity and reduced connectivity; therefore, our results support the predictions of the CMH. Our study also illustrates the utility of highly variable nuclear markers, such as microsatellites, and ABC to test competing recolonization hypotheses

Transplanting gravid lizards to high elevation alters maternal and embryonic oxygen physiology, but not reproductive success or hatchling phenotype

International audienceIncreased global temperatures have opened previously inhospitable habitats, such as at higher elevations. However, the reduction of oxygen partial pressure with increase in elevation represents an important physiological constraint that may limit colonization of such habitats, even if the thermal niche is appropriate. To test the mechanisms underlying the response to ecologically-relevant levels of hypoxia, we performed a translocation experiment with the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), a widespread European lizard amenable to establishing populations outside its natural range. We investigated the impacts of hypoxia on the oxygen physiology and reproductive output of gravid common wall lizards and the subsequent development and morphology of their offspring. Lowland females transplanted to high elevations increased their haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration within days and maintained routine metabolism compared to lizards kept at native elevations. However, transplanted lizards suffered from increased reactive oxygen metabolite production near the oviposition date, suggesting a cost of reproduction at high elevation. Transplanted females and females native to different elevations did not differ in reproductive output (clutch size, egg mass, relative clutch mass, or embryonic stage at oviposition) or in post-oviposition body condition. Developing embryos reduced heart rates and prolonged incubation times at high elevations within the native range and at extreme high elevations beyond the current range, but this reduced oxygen availability did not affect metabolic rate, hatching success, or hatchling size. These results suggest that this opportunistic colonizer is capable of successfully responding to novel environmental constraints in these important life-history stages