Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141

This thesis explores the role of Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) in the development of theological thought in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. It aims to demonstrate that Anselm’s thought had a greater impact on the early development of scholastic theology than is often recognized, particularly in the areas of the doctrine of the incarnation and redemption, but also in his discussion of freedom and sin. Through his explanation of the economy of salvation in terms of making satisfaction for sin, and his rejection of modes of discussion that focussed on the rights and role of the devil, Anselm’s writing on the theology of the redemption provided a framework for the discussion of later authors such as Hugh of St Victor, Peter Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux and authors associated with the School of Laon, among others. Such discussion often utilized Anselm as an explicator of difficult passages in patristic theology, notably Augustine, and his work was most controversial when he was thought to have contradicted earlier authority. Anselm was involved in contemporary polemics with both Jews and Christian theologians, as well as producing works that explored profound theological and metaphysical ideas. In his emphasis on the place and role of reason in divine questions, he crossed the boundaries between ‘monastic’ and ‘scholastic’ thought. Through an exploration of Anselmian elements in the thought of a variety of authors from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, this thesis aims to contribute to a broadening understanding of the legacy of this great thinker

The priority of the gospel: church planting in the church of England examined in the light of Anglican tradition and the ministry of the apostle Paul

Church planting, the establishing of new churches, is a significant feature of the modern Church of England, but has received little theological and historical analysis. This study undertakes such an analysis, using Scripture and Anglican historical tradition, placing church planting in a historical context and examining it in the light of the Apostle Paul's ministry. There is a practical need for church planting, and Anglican missiology has always been committed both to evangelism and to the establishment of the church as its end result, which can be shown historically, both at home and overseas. Anglican history also suggests two further factors: the priority of local, voluntary initiative in evangelism, and the gradual breakdown of Anglican consensus on doctrinal fundamentals, adding further to pressure on the parish system. Reflecting on these findings in the light of Paul's ministry, Paul felt compelled to preach the gospel, which led inevitably to the founding of churches. These churches were involved themselves in mission as a result of being gripped by God's dynamic purposes in and through the gospel. Paul saw his authority and continuing relationship with them as always governed by the gospel, ideally allowing flexibility and independence within a framework of authority and unity unless the gospel itself was at stake. For Anglican church planting, these findings argue for its place within the life of the church, meeting the need for a flexible accompaniment to the parish system. This calls for flexible and creative thinking by both parishes and diocesan authorities. Church planting has much life to offer the Church, but if this life is stifled then there is a risk of a breakdown of church order

Estimation of time to point of closest approach for collision avoidance and separation systems

This paper proposes a method for estimating the amount of time until the point of closest approach (TPCA) between two aircraft. A range of simple methods which use derivatives to estimate the time to collision are analysed. These methods are only accurate when the angle subtended between the direction of the relative velocity vector, and the bearing of the intruder aircraft is small. An extended method is developed which calculates the exact TPCA from relative distance and bearing measurements. Representative levels of Gaussian white noise are introduced to the core equation variables for both the derivative and extended methods. It is found that as we increase the value of θ, the extended method's accuracy increases beyond that of the derivative method. A fusion algorithm is developed to switch between methods and is shown to perform well for a range of conflicts. When the relative velocity between the two aircraft is small, the signal to noise ratio on the relative velocity variable reduces causing large errors to the TPCA estimation. It is therefore concluded that at a certain relative velocity threshold, Vk (dependant on sensor and filter performance) both the derivative and extended TPCA estimation methods would become undesirable as risk estimators. It is suggested that in these situations distance could be better to use since it can be measured directly

Failure boundary estimation for lateral collision avoidance manoeuvres

This paper proposes a method for predicting the point at which a simple lateral collision avoidance manoeuvre fails. It starts by defining the kinematic failure boundary for a range of conflict geometries and velocities. This relies on the assumption that the ownship aircraft is able to turn instantaneously. The dynamics of the ownship aircraft are then introduced in the form of a constant rate turn model. With knowledge of the kinematic boundary, two optimisation algorithms are used to estimate the location of the real failure boundary. A higher fidelity simulation environment is used to compare the boundary predictions. The shape of the failure boundary is found to be heavily connected to the kinematic boundary prediction. Some encounters where the ownship aircraft is travelling slower than the intruder were found to have large failure boundaries. The optimisation method is shown to perform well, and with alterations to the turn model, its accuracy can be improved. The paper finishes by demonstrating how the failure boundary is used to determine accurate collision avoidance logic. This is expected to significantly reduce the size and complexity of the verification problem

The impact of the Netherlandish landscape tradition on poetry and painting in early modern England

Copyright © 2013 The University of Chicago Press.The relationship between poetry and painting has been one of the most debated issues in the history of criticism. The present article explores this problematic relationship in the context of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, taking into account theories of rhetoric, visual perception, and art. It analyzes a rare case in which a specific school of painting directly inspired poetry: in particular, the ways in which the Netherlandish landscape tradition influenced natural descriptions in the poem Poly-Olbion (1612, 1622) by Michael Drayton (1563–1631). Drayton — under the influence of the artistic principles of landscape depiction as explained in Henry Peacham’s art manuals, as well as of direct observation of Dutch and Flemish landscape prints and paintings — successfully managed to render pictorial landscapes into poetry. Through practical examples, this essay will thoroughly demonstrate that rhetoric is capable of emulating pictorial styles in a way that presupposes specialized art-historical knowledge, and that pictorialism can be the complex product as much of poetry and rhetoric as of painting and art-theoretical vocabulary

Celtic censure: representing Wales in eighteenth-century Germany

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's notion of regionalist discourse as the performative legitimation of specific frontiers, this article examines how the English traveller Samuel Jackson Pratt mediated a picture of the Welsh to late eighteenth-century readers in his Gleanings Through Wales, Holland and Westphalia (1795). This process of mediation was further complicated by the translation of this work into German as the Aehrenlese auf einer Reise durch Wallis, which appeared with the Leipzig publisher Lincke in 1798. While this work made an important contribution to German Celtophilia in the Romantic period, the German translator was careful to omit its more Sternean passages, in favour of factual narrative. Pratt's account of his travel through Wales, mediated in turn to a German audience through its Leipzig translator, therefore embodies several layers of cultural transfer that generate a complex and multifaceted image of Wales at the close of the eighteenth century

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Stakeholder’s perceptions on the impact of the Olympic legacy on young people in east London

Set against declining activity in children and adolescents in the UK, the London 2012 Olympic legacy looked to increase youth participation and regenerate a deprived area of London. Five years on, there has been little change. Using a qualitative hierarchical ‘stakeholder theory’ framework, eleven key internal and external stakeholders, from a young athlete to a governmental policy maker were interviewed, to explore their perceptions of the legacy. Thematic analysis identified six themes; a shared ‘feel good factor’, a perceived positive impact of regeneration, youth participation impacted by funding cuts, a need for suitable role models, failure to recognise barriers to participation and inadequate planning to deliver ambitious participation targets. These outcomes have implications for future youth participation planning, policy and delivery