15 research outputs found
La campaña contra los sacerdotes pederastas (1880-1912): un ejemplo de «pånico moral» en la España de la Restauración
This article analyses the campaign promoted by the anticlerical republican press in Restoration Spain against the abuses committed by «paedophile» priests. Based on approximately 400 news items on the subject,
taken from the anticlerical press of the time (1880-1912), a total of 151
cases related to pederasty abuses perpetrated by the clergy have been
verified. The methodology used is based on the American sociology of
«moral panics». After introducing the problem, the sources and chronology, the phases that mark the construction process of this moral panic
regarding pederast priests are delineated. Attention is then drawn to the
parallelism between the aforementioned journalistic campaign and the
growing anticlerical offensive between 1898 and 1912. Finally, the journalistic crusade against paedophile priests is analysed as a political
catalyst for struggles that also involve the domination of gender, age and
social clas
Transport de vapeur dâeau vers les hautes latitudes : mĂ©canismes et variabilitĂ© dâaprĂšs rĂ©analyses et radiosondages
The water vapour converging to the polar regions condenses into heat-trappingclouds and eventually precipitates, freshening the polar oceans and thickening the ice-sheets. Modulo circulation changes, the moisture transport is expected to increase in a warmer climate. While the extra precipitation could dampen the ice sheetsâ contribution to sea level rise, the surplus of moisture could also feed back on the surface warming. However, the present variability of the polar moisture budgets must be known precisely before they can be projected with confidence into the future.This study examines the atmospheric water cycle of both the Arctic and the Antarctic in seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979-2013 period. The impacts of known model and assimilation flaws and of the various numerical approximations were evaluated and proven to be limited, at least for the moisture flux variable and the more recent reanalyses.In the Arctic, aside from a slight overestimation, the northward fluxes in reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosoundings in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. In all reanalyses, transient eddies provide the bulk of the mid-latitude moisture imports â 89-94% at 70⊠N. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. However fluxes do not scale with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlatedwith the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.The representations of the Antarctic atmospheric water cycle in reanalyses suffer from the scarcity of observations : the moisture convergence estimations vary from 117 to 156 mm per year. On the coast, the mean moisture flux results from the interplay between transient eddies and katabatic winds, which are particularly sensitive to the orography. The coastalradiosonde sites report significant increases of the southward moisture fluxes but otherwise there are practically no trends in reanalyses on a continental scale.Finally, the share of transient eddies in moisture advection is qualified using alternate methods. In particular, extratropical cyclones leave a characteristic imprint on the transport field, which can be detected and quantified.La vapeur dâeau convergeant vers les rĂ©gions polaires se condense en nuages quiretiennent la chaleur terrestre. Ces nuages donnent lieu Ă des prĂ©cipitations, qui adoucissent les ocĂ©ans polaires et Ă©paississent les calottes de glace. Sans changement des vents, le transport de vapeur dâeau est appelĂ© Ă augmenter dans un climat plus chaud et donc les chutes de neige sur les calottes aussi. Le surplus dâhumiditĂ© risque cependant de rĂ©troagir sur le rĂ©chauffement de surface.Afin de contraindre les projections futures, cette thĂšse se propose dâĂ©valuer la variabilitĂ© actuelle du cycle de lâeau dans les hautes latitudes. Elle sâappuie sur sept rĂ©analyses globales et des observations par radiosondages allant de 1979 Ă 2013. Leurs biais intrinsĂšques et les approximations de calcul nâentament pas les conclusions principales de cette Ă©tude.En Arctique, mise Ă part une lĂ©gĂšre surestimation, le transport dâhumiditĂ© dans les rĂ©analyses est remarquablement proche des observations, aussi bien dans le temps que dans lâespace. Dans toutes les rĂ©analyses, les vents dominants nâadvectent quâune fraction de la vapeur dâeau, de 6 Ă 11%, au profit des perturbations. DâaprĂšs la plupart des sources, Ă©vaporation, prĂ©cipitation et humiditĂ© atmosphĂ©rique augmentent en accord avec lâĂ©lĂ©vation des tempĂ©ratures. Toutefois, les flux de vapeur dâeau ne suivent pas la loi de Clausius-Clapeyron car humiditĂ© et vents sont moins corrĂ©lĂ©s, notamment prĂšs de la surface.En Antarctique, le manque dâobservations se fait sentir : la convergence de vapeur dâeau sur la calotte varie de 117 Ă 156 mm par an selon les rĂ©analyses. Le transport cĂŽtier, trĂšs variable dans lâespace, rĂ©sulte de lâalternance entre vents catabatiques et passage de perturbations. Sur la cĂŽte, les radiosondages signalent une augmentation significative des flux dâhumiditĂ© vers le Sud. Ă lâĂ©chelle du continent en revanche, les rĂ©analyses ne font Ă©tatde quasiment aucune tendance.Enfin, le rĂŽle des phĂ©nomĂšnes mĂ©tĂ©orologiques dâĂ©chelle courte est Ă©valuĂ© de nouveau, selon plusieurs mĂ©thodes. En particulier, les cyclones extratropicaux laissent dans les flux de vapeur dâeau une empreinte caractĂ©ristique qui peut ĂȘtre dĂ©tectĂ©e et quantifiĂ©e
Water vapour transport to the high latitudes : mechanisms and variability from reanalyses and radiosoundings
La vapeur dâeau convergeant vers les rĂ©gions polaires se condense en nuages quiretiennent la chaleur terrestre. Ces nuages donnent lieu Ă des prĂ©cipitations, qui adoucissent les ocĂ©ans polaires et Ă©paississent les calottes de glace. Sans changement des vents, le transport de vapeur dâeau est appelĂ© Ă augmenter dans un climat plus chaud et donc les chutes de neige sur les calottes aussi. Le surplus dâhumiditĂ© risque cependant de rĂ©troagir sur le rĂ©chauffement de surface.Afin de contraindre les projections futures, cette thĂšse se propose dâĂ©valuer la variabilitĂ© actuelle du cycle de lâeau dans les hautes latitudes. Elle sâappuie sur sept rĂ©analyses globales et des observations par radiosondages allant de 1979 Ă 2013. Leurs biais intrinsĂšques et les approximations de calcul nâentament pas les conclusions principales de cette Ă©tude.En Arctique, mise Ă part une lĂ©gĂšre surestimation, le transport dâhumiditĂ© dans les rĂ©analyses est remarquablement proche des observations, aussi bien dans le temps que dans lâespace. Dans toutes les rĂ©analyses, les vents dominants nâadvectent quâune fraction de la vapeur dâeau, de 6 Ă 11%, au profit des perturbations. DâaprĂšs la plupart des sources, Ă©vaporation, prĂ©cipitation et humiditĂ© atmosphĂ©rique augmentent en accord avec lâĂ©lĂ©vation des tempĂ©ratures. Toutefois, les flux de vapeur dâeau ne suivent pas la loi de Clausius-Clapeyron car humiditĂ© et vents sont moins corrĂ©lĂ©s, notamment prĂšs de la surface.En Antarctique, le manque dâobservations se fait sentir : la convergence de vapeur dâeau sur la calotte varie de 117 Ă 156 mm par an selon les rĂ©analyses. Le transport cĂŽtier, trĂšs variable dans lâespace, rĂ©sulte de lâalternance entre vents catabatiques et passage de perturbations. Sur la cĂŽte, les radiosondages signalent une augmentation significative des flux dâhumiditĂ© vers le Sud. Ă lâĂ©chelle du continent en revanche, les rĂ©analyses ne font Ă©tatde quasiment aucune tendance.Enfin, le rĂŽle des phĂ©nomĂšnes mĂ©tĂ©orologiques dâĂ©chelle courte est Ă©valuĂ© de nouveau, selon plusieurs mĂ©thodes. En particulier, les cyclones extratropicaux laissent dans les flux de vapeur dâeau une empreinte caractĂ©ristique qui peut ĂȘtre dĂ©tectĂ©e et quantifiĂ©e.The water vapour converging to the polar regions condenses into heat-trappingclouds and eventually precipitates, freshening the polar oceans and thickening the ice-sheets. Modulo circulation changes, the moisture transport is expected to increase in a warmer climate. While the extra precipitation could dampen the ice sheetsâ contribution to sea level rise, the surplus of moisture could also feed back on the surface warming. However, the present variability of the polar moisture budgets must be known precisely before they can be projected with confidence into the future.This study examines the atmospheric water cycle of both the Arctic and the Antarctic in seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979-2013 period. The impacts of known model and assimilation flaws and of the various numerical approximations were evaluated and proven to be limited, at least for the moisture flux variable and the more recent reanalyses.In the Arctic, aside from a slight overestimation, the northward fluxes in reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosoundings in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. In all reanalyses, transient eddies provide the bulk of the mid-latitude moisture imports â 89-94% at 70⊠N. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. However fluxes do not scale with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlatedwith the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.The representations of the Antarctic atmospheric water cycle in reanalyses suffer from the scarcity of observations : the moisture convergence estimations vary from 117 to 156 mm per year. On the coast, the mean moisture flux results from the interplay between transient eddies and katabatic winds, which are particularly sensitive to the orography. The coastalradiosonde sites report significant increases of the southward moisture fluxes but otherwise there are practically no trends in reanalyses on a continental scale.Finally, the share of transient eddies in moisture advection is qualified using alternate methods. In particular, extratropical cyclones leave a characteristic imprint on the transport field, which can be detected and quantified
Atmospheric Moisture Transport to the Arctic: Assessment of Reanalyses and Analysis of Transport Components
International audienceThe atmospheric water cycle of the Arctic is evaluated via seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979â2013 period. In the regional moisture budget, evaporation and precipitation are the least consistent terms among different datasets. Despite the assimilation of radiosoundings, the reanalyses present a tendency to overestimate the moisture transport. Aside from this overestimation, the reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosondes in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. The northern North Atlantic, subpolar North Pacific, and Labrador Sea stand out as the main gateways for moisture to the Arctic in all reanalyses. Because these regions correspond to the end of the storm tracks, the link between moisture transports and extratropical cyclones is further investigated by decomposing the moisture fluxes in the mean flow and transient eddy parts. In all reanalyses, the former term tends to cancel out when averaged over a latitude circle, leaving the latter to provide the bulk of the midlatitude moisture imports (89%â94% at 70°N). Although the Arctic warms faster than the rest of the world, the impact of these changes on its water cycle remains ambiguous. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation, and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. At the same time, the moisture transports have decreased in all the reanalyses but not in the radiosonde observations, though none of these trends is statistically significant. The fluxes do not scale with the ClausiusâClapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlated with the meridional wind, particularly near the surface
Atmospheric River Climatology in Antarctica
International audienceTo properly understand the future Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) requires a complete understanding of the factors that influence SMB today. Atmospheric rivers, broadly defined as a narrow yet long bands of high precipitable water, provide a sub-tropical connection to the Antarctic continent and are observed to significantly impact the affected region's SMB over short, extreme events. Over coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Gorodetskaya et al. (2013) observed that 4-5 atmospheric rivers contributed to 74-80% of the region's SMB during 2009 and 2011. When an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent, their signature is clearly observed in increased downward longwave radiation, upward vertical motion, temperature, snowfall, surface melt, and moisture transport. Using an atmospheric river detection algorithm designed for Antarctica and applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, we assess the frequency of atmospheric rivers and estimate their impact on total snowfall from 1979-2017 over the Antarctic continent. We also found that atmospheric rivers are associated with positive temperature anomalies and have consequences on surface melt, like in interior locations of Adélie Land. There is a weak seasonal trend in atmospheric river activity that is location dependent like in the Wilkes Land region where maximum activity occurs in July. Whether an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent is dependent on the degree of upper-level atmospheric blocking. Atmospheric rivers are associated with significant positive geopotential height anomalies across all regions of Antarctica with the highest anomalies occurring around the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea and Adélie Land. Our results suggest that atmospheric rivers should play a significant role in the Antarctic SMB, and that any future changes in atmospheric blocking or tropical-polar teleconnections may have significant impacts on future SMB projections
Evaluation of Antarctic snowfall in global meteorological reanalyses
International audienceRecent precipitation observations provided by CloudSat are used to evaluate the ability of various meteorological analyses and reanalyses to reproduce Antarctic snowfall. The performance of the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA Interim), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA55), the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA), and the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application 2 (MERRA-2), as well as ECMWF operational analyses are compared over the 2007-2010 period. The mean snowfall rate over Antarctica north of 82 °S simulated by the reanalyses between 2007 and 2010 ranges from 165 to 225 mm per year, while CloudSat observations indicate a value of 172 mm per year. ERA Interim produces the closest match to the observed snowfall rate, but all the reanalyses reproduce well the seasonal and interannual variability of Antarctic snowfall reported in CloudSat observations
Atmospheric River Climatology of Antarctica
International audienceTo properly understand the future Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) requires a complete understanding of the factors that influence SMB today. Atmospheric rivers, broadly defined as a narrow yet long bands of high precipitable water, provide a sub-tropical connection to the Antarctic continent and are observed to significantly impact the affected region's SMB over short, extreme events. Over coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Gorodetskaya et al. (2013) observed that 4-5 atmospheric rivers contributed to 74-80% of the region's SMB during 2009 and 2011. When an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent, their signature is clearly observed in increased downward longwave radiation, cloud liquid water content, surface temperature, snowfall, surface melt, and moisture transport. Using an atmospheric river detection algorithm designed for Antarctica and applied to multiple reanalyses, we find that while atmospheric rivers that make landfall are a rare occurrence, they have had significant impacts on the SMB from 1979-2017. During the study period, atmospheric rivers to make landfall have the largest snowfall signature across Dronning Maud Laud where they account for nearly 40% of snowfall in some interior locations. In addition to snowfall, atmospheric rivers are responsible for a majority of the summer surface melt on interior portions of the Ross Ice Shelf and low elevation portions of Marie Byrd Land. Currently melt events across these regions are rare, however a slight surface temperature increase would on average lead to melting conditions when an atmospheric river makes landfall. Atmospheric rivers are also a crucial component of winter surface melting on the Wilkins, Bach, and Larsen ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula. Within most reanalyses, there is a small yet significant increase in atmospheric river activity from 1979-2017. Whether an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent is dependent on the degree of upper-level atmospheric blocking. Atmospheric rivers are associated with significant positive geopotential height anomalies across all regions of Antarctica with the highest anomalies occurring around the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea and Adélie Land. Our results suggest that atmospheric rivers should play a significant role in the Antarctic SMB, and that any future changes in atmospheric blocking or tropical-polar teleconnections may have significant impacts on future SMB projections
AFRICA. SO. Mapas generales (1829). 1:5000000
Escalas grĂĄficas de 20 mm 36 leguas de Portugal 120 millas nĂĄuticas Coordenadas referidas al meridiano de ParĂs (E 40°50'-E 22°45'/S 1°0'-S 24°15'). Red geogrĂĄfica 1° en 1°.Relieve representado por normalesEn el margen superior derecho: "Pl 3"Procede de la "ColecciĂłn Coello"En: Atlas de l'Afortue. Pl.
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