La campaña contra los sacerdotes pederastas (1880-1912): un ejemplo de «pánico moral» en la España de la Restauración

This article analyses the campaign promoted by the anticlerical republican press in Restoration Spain against the abuses committed by «paedophile» priests. Based on approximately 400 news items on the subject, taken from the anticlerical press of the time (1880-1912), a total of 151 cases related to pederasty abuses perpetrated by the clergy have been verified. The methodology used is based on the American sociology of «moral panics». After introducing the problem, the sources and chronology, the phases that mark the construction process of this moral panic regarding pederast priests are delineated. Attention is then drawn to the parallelism between the aforementioned journalistic campaign and the growing anticlerical offensive between 1898 and 1912. Finally, the journalistic crusade against paedophile priests is analysed as a political catalyst for struggles that also involve the domination of gender, age and social clas

Transport de vapeur d’eau vers les hautes latitudes : mécanismes et variabilité d’après réanalyses et radiosondages

The water vapour converging to the polar regions condenses into heat-trappingclouds and eventually precipitates, freshening the polar oceans and thickening the ice-sheets. Modulo circulation changes, the moisture transport is expected to increase in a warmer climate. While the extra precipitation could dampen the ice sheets’ contribution to sea level rise, the surplus of moisture could also feed back on the surface warming. However, the present variability of the polar moisture budgets must be known precisely before they can be projected with confidence into the future.This study examines the atmospheric water cycle of both the Arctic and the Antarctic in seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979-2013 period. The impacts of known model and assimilation flaws and of the various numerical approximations were evaluated and proven to be limited, at least for the moisture flux variable and the more recent reanalyses.In the Arctic, aside from a slight overestimation, the northward fluxes in reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosoundings in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. In all reanalyses, transient eddies provide the bulk of the mid-latitude moisture imports – 89-94% at 70◦ N. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. However fluxes do not scale with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlatedwith the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.The representations of the Antarctic atmospheric water cycle in reanalyses suffer from the scarcity of observations : the moisture convergence estimations vary from 117 to 156 mm per year. On the coast, the mean moisture flux results from the interplay between transient eddies and katabatic winds, which are particularly sensitive to the orography. The coastalradiosonde sites report significant increases of the southward moisture fluxes but otherwise there are practically no trends in reanalyses on a continental scale.Finally, the share of transient eddies in moisture advection is qualified using alternate methods. In particular, extratropical cyclones leave a characteristic imprint on the transport field, which can be detected and quantified.La vapeur d’eau convergeant vers les régions polaires se condense en nuages quiretiennent la chaleur terrestre. Ces nuages donnent lieu à des précipitations, qui adoucissent les océans polaires et épaississent les calottes de glace. Sans changement des vents, le transport de vapeur d’eau est appelé à augmenter dans un climat plus chaud et donc les chutes de neige sur les calottes aussi. Le surplus d’humidité risque cependant de rétroagir sur le réchauffement de surface.Afin de contraindre les projections futures, cette thèse se propose d’évaluer la variabilité actuelle du cycle de l’eau dans les hautes latitudes. Elle s’appuie sur sept réanalyses globales et des observations par radiosondages allant de 1979 à 2013. Leurs biais intrinsèques et les approximations de calcul n’entament pas les conclusions principales de cette étude.En Arctique, mise à part une légère surestimation, le transport d’humidité dans les réanalyses est remarquablement proche des observations, aussi bien dans le temps que dans l’espace. Dans toutes les réanalyses, les vents dominants n’advectent qu’une fraction de la vapeur d’eau, de 6 à 11%, au profit des perturbations. D’après la plupart des sources, évaporation, précipitation et humidité atmosphérique augmentent en accord avec l’élévation des températures. Toutefois, les flux de vapeur d’eau ne suivent pas la loi de Clausius-Clapeyron car humidité et vents sont moins corrélés, notamment près de la surface.En Antarctique, le manque d’observations se fait sentir : la convergence de vapeur d’eau sur la calotte varie de 117 à 156 mm par an selon les réanalyses. Le transport côtier, très variable dans l’espace, résulte de l’alternance entre vents catabatiques et passage de perturbations. Sur la côte, les radiosondages signalent une augmentation significative des flux d’humidité vers le Sud. À l’échelle du continent en revanche, les réanalyses ne font étatde quasiment aucune tendance.Enfin, le rôle des phénomènes météorologiques d’échelle courte est évalué de nouveau, selon plusieurs méthodes. En particulier, les cyclones extratropicaux laissent dans les flux de vapeur d’eau une empreinte caractéristique qui peut être détectée et quantifiée

Water vapour transport to the high latitudes : mechanisms and variability from reanalyses and radiosoundings

La vapeur d’eau convergeant vers les régions polaires se condense en nuages quiretiennent la chaleur terrestre. Ces nuages donnent lieu à des précipitations, qui adoucissent les océans polaires et épaississent les calottes de glace. Sans changement des vents, le transport de vapeur d’eau est appelé à augmenter dans un climat plus chaud et donc les chutes de neige sur les calottes aussi. Le surplus d’humidité risque cependant de rétroagir sur le réchauffement de surface.Afin de contraindre les projections futures, cette thèse se propose d’évaluer la variabilité actuelle du cycle de l’eau dans les hautes latitudes. Elle s’appuie sur sept réanalyses globales et des observations par radiosondages allant de 1979 à 2013. Leurs biais intrinsèques et les approximations de calcul n’entament pas les conclusions principales de cette étude.En Arctique, mise à part une légère surestimation, le transport d’humidité dans les réanalyses est remarquablement proche des observations, aussi bien dans le temps que dans l’espace. Dans toutes les réanalyses, les vents dominants n’advectent qu’une fraction de la vapeur d’eau, de 6 à 11%, au profit des perturbations. D’après la plupart des sources, évaporation, précipitation et humidité atmosphérique augmentent en accord avec l’élévation des températures. Toutefois, les flux de vapeur d’eau ne suivent pas la loi de Clausius-Clapeyron car humidité et vents sont moins corrélés, notamment près de la surface.En Antarctique, le manque d’observations se fait sentir : la convergence de vapeur d’eau sur la calotte varie de 117 à 156 mm par an selon les réanalyses. Le transport côtier, très variable dans l’espace, résulte de l’alternance entre vents catabatiques et passage de perturbations. Sur la côte, les radiosondages signalent une augmentation significative des flux d’humidité vers le Sud. À l’échelle du continent en revanche, les réanalyses ne font étatde quasiment aucune tendance.Enfin, le rôle des phénomènes météorologiques d’échelle courte est évalué de nouveau, selon plusieurs méthodes. En particulier, les cyclones extratropicaux laissent dans les flux de vapeur d’eau une empreinte caractéristique qui peut être détectée et quantifiée.The water vapour converging to the polar regions condenses into heat-trappingclouds and eventually precipitates, freshening the polar oceans and thickening the ice-sheets. Modulo circulation changes, the moisture transport is expected to increase in a warmer climate. While the extra precipitation could dampen the ice sheets’ contribution to sea level rise, the surplus of moisture could also feed back on the surface warming. However, the present variability of the polar moisture budgets must be known precisely before they can be projected with confidence into the future.This study examines the atmospheric water cycle of both the Arctic and the Antarctic in seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979-2013 period. The impacts of known model and assimilation flaws and of the various numerical approximations were evaluated and proven to be limited, at least for the moisture flux variable and the more recent reanalyses.In the Arctic, aside from a slight overestimation, the northward fluxes in reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosoundings in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. In all reanalyses, transient eddies provide the bulk of the mid-latitude moisture imports – 89-94% at 70◦ N. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. However fluxes do not scale with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlatedwith the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.The representations of the Antarctic atmospheric water cycle in reanalyses suffer from the scarcity of observations : the moisture convergence estimations vary from 117 to 156 mm per year. On the coast, the mean moisture flux results from the interplay between transient eddies and katabatic winds, which are particularly sensitive to the orography. The coastalradiosonde sites report significant increases of the southward moisture fluxes but otherwise there are practically no trends in reanalyses on a continental scale.Finally, the share of transient eddies in moisture advection is qualified using alternate methods. In particular, extratropical cyclones leave a characteristic imprint on the transport field, which can be detected and quantified

Atmospheric Moisture Transport to the Arctic: Assessment of Reanalyses and Analysis of Transport Components

International audienceThe atmospheric water cycle of the Arctic is evaluated via seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979–2013 period. In the regional moisture budget, evaporation and precipitation are the least consistent terms among different datasets. Despite the assimilation of radiosoundings, the reanalyses present a tendency to overestimate the moisture transport. Aside from this overestimation, the reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosondes in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. The northern North Atlantic, subpolar North Pacific, and Labrador Sea stand out as the main gateways for moisture to the Arctic in all reanalyses. Because these regions correspond to the end of the storm tracks, the link between moisture transports and extratropical cyclones is further investigated by decomposing the moisture fluxes in the mean flow and transient eddy parts. In all reanalyses, the former term tends to cancel out when averaged over a latitude circle, leaving the latter to provide the bulk of the midlatitude moisture imports (89%–94% at 70°N). Although the Arctic warms faster than the rest of the world, the impact of these changes on its water cycle remains ambiguous. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation, and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. At the same time, the moisture transports have decreased in all the reanalyses but not in the radiosonde observations, though none of these trends is statistically significant. The fluxes do not scale with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlated with the meridional wind, particularly near the surface

Atmospheric River Climatology in Antarctica

International audienceTo properly understand the future Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) requires a complete understanding of the factors that influence SMB today. Atmospheric rivers, broadly defined as a narrow yet long bands of high precipitable water, provide a sub-tropical connection to the Antarctic continent and are observed to significantly impact the affected region's SMB over short, extreme events. Over coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Gorodetskaya et al. (2013) observed that 4-5 atmospheric rivers contributed to 74-80% of the region's SMB during 2009 and 2011. When an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent, their signature is clearly observed in increased downward longwave radiation, upward vertical motion, temperature, snowfall, surface melt, and moisture transport. Using an atmospheric river detection algorithm designed for Antarctica and applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, we assess the frequency of atmospheric rivers and estimate their impact on total snowfall from 1979-2017 over the Antarctic continent. We also found that atmospheric rivers are associated with positive temperature anomalies and have consequences on surface melt, like in interior locations of Adélie Land. There is a weak seasonal trend in atmospheric river activity that is location dependent like in the Wilkes Land region where maximum activity occurs in July. Whether an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent is dependent on the degree of upper-level atmospheric blocking. Atmospheric rivers are associated with significant positive geopotential height anomalies across all regions of Antarctica with the highest anomalies occurring around the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea and Adélie Land. Our results suggest that atmospheric rivers should play a significant role in the Antarctic SMB, and that any future changes in atmospheric blocking or tropical-polar teleconnections may have significant impacts on future SMB projections

Evaluation of Antarctic snowfall in global meteorological reanalyses

International audienceRecent precipitation observations provided by CloudSat are used to evaluate the ability of various meteorological analyses and reanalyses to reproduce Antarctic snowfall. The performance of the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA Interim), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA55), the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA), and the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Application 2 (MERRA-2), as well as ECMWF operational analyses are compared over the 2007-2010 period. The mean snowfall rate over Antarctica north of 82 °S simulated by the reanalyses between 2007 and 2010 ranges from 165 to 225 mm per year, while CloudSat observations indicate a value of 172 mm per year. ERA Interim produces the closest match to the observed snowfall rate, but all the reanalyses reproduce well the seasonal and interannual variability of Antarctic snowfall reported in CloudSat observations

West Antarctic surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers

International audienc

Atmospheric River Climatology of Antarctica

International audienceTo properly understand the future Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) requires a complete understanding of the factors that influence SMB today. Atmospheric rivers, broadly defined as a narrow yet long bands of high precipitable water, provide a sub-tropical connection to the Antarctic continent and are observed to significantly impact the affected region's SMB over short, extreme events. Over coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Gorodetskaya et al. (2013) observed that 4-5 atmospheric rivers contributed to 74-80% of the region's SMB during 2009 and 2011. When an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent, their signature is clearly observed in increased downward longwave radiation, cloud liquid water content, surface temperature, snowfall, surface melt, and moisture transport. Using an atmospheric river detection algorithm designed for Antarctica and applied to multiple reanalyses, we find that while atmospheric rivers that make landfall are a rare occurrence, they have had significant impacts on the SMB from 1979-2017. During the study period, atmospheric rivers to make landfall have the largest snowfall signature across Dronning Maud Laud where they account for nearly 40% of snowfall in some interior locations. In addition to snowfall, atmospheric rivers are responsible for a majority of the summer surface melt on interior portions of the Ross Ice Shelf and low elevation portions of Marie Byrd Land. Currently melt events across these regions are rare, however a slight surface temperature increase would on average lead to melting conditions when an atmospheric river makes landfall. Atmospheric rivers are also a crucial component of winter surface melting on the Wilkins, Bach, and Larsen ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula. Within most reanalyses, there is a small yet significant increase in atmospheric river activity from 1979-2017. Whether an atmospheric river reaches the Antarctic continent is dependent on the degree of upper-level atmospheric blocking. Atmospheric rivers are associated with significant positive geopotential height anomalies across all regions of Antarctica with the highest anomalies occurring around the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea and Adélie Land. Our results suggest that atmospheric rivers should play a significant role in the Antarctic SMB, and that any future changes in atmospheric blocking or tropical-polar teleconnections may have significant impacts on future SMB projections

AFRICA. SO. Mapas generales (1829). 1:5000000

Escalas gráficas de 20 mm 36 leguas de Portugal 120 millas náuticas Coordenadas referidas al meridiano de París (E 40°50'-E 22°45'/S 1°0'-S 24°15'). Red geográfica 1° en 1°.Relieve representado por normalesEn el margen superior derecho: "Pl 3"Procede de la "Colección Coello"En: Atlas de l'Afortue. Pl.

Congo, Angola et Benguella... / par A. H. Dufour ; gravé par Ambroise Tardieu, Myriamètres 20

Échelle(s) : [= 0m,036 ; 1:5 555 000 environ