Formulating Fine to Medium Sand Erosion for Suspended Sediment Transport Models

The capacity of an advection/diffusion model to predict sand transport under varying wave and current conditions is evaluated. The horizontal sand transport rate is computed by vertical integration of the suspended sediment flux. A correction procedure for the near-bed concentration is proposed so that model results are independent of the vertical resolution. The method can thus be implemented in regional models with operational applications. Simulating equilibrium sand transport rates, when erosion and deposition are balanced, requires a new empirical erosion law that involves the non-dimensional excess shear stress and a parameter that depends on the size of the sand grain. Comparison with several datasets and sediment transport formulae demonstrated the model’s capacity to simulate sand transport rates for a large range of current and wave conditions and sand diameters in the range 100–500 μm. Measured transport rates were predicted within a factor two in 67% of cases with current only and in 35% of cases with both waves and current. In comparison with the results obtained by Camenen and Larroudé (2003), who provided the same indicators for several practical transport rate formulations (whose means are respectively 72% and 37%), the proposed approach gives reasonable results. Before fitting a new erosion law to our model, classical erosion rate formulations were tested but led to poor comparisons with expected sediment transport rates. We suggest that classical erosion laws should be used with care in advection/diffusion models similar to ours, and that at least a full validation procedure for transport rates involving a range of sand diameters and hydrodynamic conditions should be carried out

Modélisation du transport particulaire dans le Golfe du Lion en vue d'une application au devenir des traceurs radioactifs issus du Rhône

Among the contaminants introduced into the environment, the artificial radionuclides appear particularly important to take into account because of their chemical toxicity and/or of their radiotoxicity. Some radionuclides present a high affinity with particles so that the study of the sediment dynamics is a useful preliminary to the study of their dispersion on the open sea. This thesis is focused on the fate of sediments in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean) and in particular on the impact of the Rhone River, which is the main source of particulate matter in the Gulf of Lions. In order to study the sediment transport mechanisms on various space and time scales, this thesis is based on mathematical modelling. The hydro-sedimentary model set up in the Gulf of Lions, which takes into account the gathered effect of waves and currents, was supported by recent hydro-sedimentary data analyses. The CARMA (winter 2006/2007) and SCOPE (winter 2007/2008) experiments were used to better understand the physical processes that control the sediment transport on the Rhone prodelta and to validate the model. The period of the centennial Rhone River flood of December 2003 was also simulated in order to determine the impact of such extreme events on the fate of sediments. Both observations and simulations of the studied periods highlight the high capacity of erosion and transport induced by south-eastern storms on the prodeltaParmi les contaminants introduits dans l'environnement, les éléments radioactifs artificiels apparaissent particulièrement importants à prendre en considération du fait de leur toxicité chimique et/ou de leur radiotoxicité. De nombreux radio éléments étant susceptibles de se retrouver associés aux sédiments, l'étude de la dynamique sédimentaire est un préalable nécessaire à l'étude de leur dispersion en mer. Cette thèse s'intéresse au devenir des sédiments dans le Golfe du Lion (NW de la Méditerranée) et en particulier à l'impact des apports du Rhône, principal vecteur de matière particulaire vers le milieu marin. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes du transport particulaire à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, cette thèse s'appuie sur la modélisation mathématique. Le modèle hydro-sédimentaire mis en place dans le Golfe du Lion, qui prend en compte l'effet conjoint des vagues et des courants, a été étayé par l'analyse de données hydro-sédimentaires récemment acquises. Des observations in situ obtenues au cours des expériences CARMA (hiver 2006/2007) et SCOPE (hiver 2007/2008) ont été utilisées pour mieux comprendre les processus physiques contrôlant le transfert des particules au niveau du prodelta du Rhône et valider le modèle mis en place. La période de la crue centennale du Rhône de décembre 2003 a également été simulée afin d'étudier l'impact de ce type d'évènement extrême sur le devenir des sédiments. Pour l'ensemble des périodes considérées, les observations et les simulations utilisées conjointement ont permis de mettre en évidence la capacité d'érosion et de transport importante induite au niveau du prodelta lors des tempêtes de sud-es

Modélisation du transport particulaire dans le Golfe du Lion en vue d'une application au devenir des traceurs radioactifs issus du Rhône

Parmi les contaminants introduits dans l'environnement, les éléments radioactifs artificiels apparaissent particulièrement importants à prendre en considération du fait de leur toxicité chimique et/ou de leur radiotoxicité. De nombreux radio éléments étant susceptibles de se retrouver associés aux sédiments, l'étude de la dynamique sédimentaire est un préalable nécessaire à l'étude de leur dispersion en mer. Cette thèse s'intéresse au devenir des sédiments dans le Golfe du Lion (NW de la Méditerranée) et en particulier à l impact des apports du Rhône, principal vecteur de matière particulaire vers le milieu marin. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes du transport particulaire à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, cette thèse s'appuie sur la modélisation mathématique. Le modèle hydro-sédimentaire mis en place dans le Golfe du Lion, qui prend en compte l'effet conjoint des vagues et des courants, a été étayé par l analyse de données hydro-sédimentaires récemment acquises. Des observations in situ obtenues au cours des expériences CARMA (hiver 2006/2007) et SCOPE (hiver 2007/2008) ont été utilisées pour mieux comprendre les processus physiques contrôlant le transfert des particules au niveau du prodelta du Rhône et valider le modèle mis en place. La période de la crue centennale du Rhône de décembre 2003 a égalementété simulée afin d étudier l impact de ce type d évènement extrême sur le devenir des sédiments. Pour l'ensemble des périodes considérées, les observations et les simulations utilisées conjointement ont permis de mettre en évidence la capacité d érosion et de transport importante induite au niveau du prodelta lors des tempêtes de sud-estTOULON-BU Centrale (830622101) / SudocSudocFranceF

On the warm nearshore bias in Pathfinder monthly SST products over Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems

International audienceUsing in situ sea surface temperature (SST) data and MODIS/TERRA SST, the monthly AVHRR Pathfinder (version 5.0 and 5.2) SST product was evaluated within the four main Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. A warm bias in the monthly Pathfinder data (previous to version 5.2) was systematically found during summer months in nearshore regions where high SST gradients exist. Based on a climatological average spanning 2000-2009, this summertime bias reached up to 3-5 °C in the California, Humboldt, Canary, and Benguela Upwelling Systems. This warm bias could at least partly explain the cold bias often found in numerical models of coastal upwelling. The last release of Pathfinder (version 5.2, September 2011) clearly improved the bias found on the previous Pathfinder version

Shelf-edge jet currents in the southern Benguela: A modelling approach

The dynamics and seasonal variability of jet currents on the southern Benguela shelf-edge are investigated using a climatologically forced Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) model. The jet is primarily forced by the intense horizontal gradients that exist across the southern Benguela shelf. These gradients are set up by nearshore cooling via the strongly seasonal upwelling regime and variable offshore warming by the advection of Agulhas waters. While the nearshore cooling is prevalent only during the spring and summer upwelling season, the offshore warming exists throughout the year. As a result intensified geostrophically adjusted currents exist throughout the year, particularly off the Cape Peninsula and Cape Columbine. However, the distinct shelf-edge jet features are most intense during upwelling seasons and extend, more or less continuously, from Cape Agulhas, the southern-tip of the continent, to Cape Columbine. The spring and summer jet off the Cape Peninsula reaches speeds of at least 0.7 m.s −1, bifurcates as it moves northward. The branch that continues northward over the shelf goes on to feed the offshore branch of the Cape Columbine jet (over the 500 m isobath) and to a less extent the nearshore branch (over the 200 m isobath) that is locally enhanced by upwelling processes. During winter, the Cape Peninsula jet is more confined to the shelf region and goes on to feed the whole outer-shelf (200–500 m) region off and beyond Cape Columbine. An ageostrophic component associated with offshore non-linearities related to Agulhas influx causes the mean manifestation of the Cape Peninsula jet to broaden slightly (60 km) compared to its 40 km-wide geostrophic core which is situated over the 350 m isobath. The ageostrophic component is related to the generation of eddies that cause the isopycnals to flatten out

Anticyclonic eddies are more productive than cyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres because of winter mixing

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features of ocean circulation that modulate the supply of nutrients to the upper sunlit ocean, influencing the rates of carbon fixation and export. The popular eddy-pumping paradigm implies that nutrient fluxes are enhanced in cyclonic eddies because of upwelling inside the eddy, leading to higher phytoplankton production. We show that this view does not hold for a substantial portion of eddies within oceanic subtropical gyres, the largest ecosystems in the ocean. Using space-based measurements and a global biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that during winter when subtropical eddies are most productive, there is increased chlorophyll in anticyclones compared with cyclones in all subtropical gyres (by 3.6 to 16.7% for the five basins). The model suggests that this is a consequence of the modulation of winter mixing by eddies. These results establish a new paradigm for anticyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres and could have important implications for the biological carbon pump and the global carbon cycle

Impact of eddies on surface chlorophyll in the South Indian Ocean

International audienceA unique feature of the subtropical South Indian Ocean is the existence of anticyclonic eddies that have higher chlorophyll concentrations than cyclonic eddies. Off Western Australia, this anomalous behavior is related to the seeding of anticyclonic eddies with shelf water enriched in phytoplankton biomass and nutrients. Further off-shore, two mechanisms have been suggested to explain the eddy/chlorophyll relationship: (i) eddies originating from the Australian coast maintain their chlorophyll anomaly while propagating westward; and (ii) eddy-induced Ekman upwelling (downwelling) enhances (dampens) nutrient supply in anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies. Here we describe the relationship between eddies and surface chlorophyll within the South Indian Ocean, and discuss possible mechanisms to explain the anomalous behavior in light of new analyses performed using satellite chlorophyll data. We show that anticyclonic eddies exhibit higher surface chlorophyll concentration than cyclonic eddies across the entire South Indian Ocean basin (from 20 to 28°S), particularly in winter. Using Self Organizing Maps we analyze the chlorophyll patterns within anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddies and highlight their complexity. Our analysis suggests that multiple mechanisms may underlie the observed eddy/chlorophyll relationship. Based on Argo float data, we postulate the relationship may be partly related to seasonal adjustment of the mixed layer depth within eddies. Deeper mixing in anticyclonic eddies is expected to enhance nutrient supply to the mixed layer, while shallower mixing in cyclonic eddies is expected to reduce it. This could explain why the observed winter surface chlorophyll bloom is stronger in anticyclonic eddies than in cyclonic eddies

Observational insights into chlorophyll distributions of subtropical South Indian Ocean eddies

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