Quantification of CH4_{4} emissions from waste disposal sites near the city of Madrid using ground- and space-based observations of COCCON, TROPOMI and IASI

The objective of this study is to derive methane (CH$_{4}$) emissions from three landfills, which are found to be the most significant CH$_{4}$ sources in the metropolitan area of Madrid in Spain. We derive CH$_{4}$ emissions from the CH$_{4}$ enhancements observed by spaceborne and ground-based instruments. We apply satellite-based measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) together with measurements from the ground-based COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) instruments. In 2018, a 2-week field campaign for measuring the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases was performed in Madrid in the framework of Monitoring of the Greenhouse Gases Concentrations in Madrid (MEGEI-MAD) project. Five COCCON instruments were deployed at different locations around the Madrid city center, enabling the observation of total column-averaged CH$_{4}$ mixing ratios (XCH$_{4}$). Considering the prevalent wind regimes, we calculate the wind-assigned XCH$_{4}$ anomalies for two opposite wind directions. Pronounced bipolar plumes are found when applying the method to NO$_{2}$, which implies that our method of wind-assigned anomaly is suitable to estimate enhancements of trace gases at the urban level from satellite-based measurements. For quantifying the CH$_{4}$ emissions, the wind-assigned plume method is applied to the TROPOMI XCH$_{4}$ and to the lower tropospheric CH$_{4}$  dry-air column ratio (TXCH$_{4}$) of the combined TROPOMI+IASI product. As CH$_{4}$ emission strength we estimate 7.4 × 10$^{25}$ ± 6.4 × 10$^{24}$ molec. s$^{-1}$ from the TROPOMI XCH$_{4}$ data and 7.1 × 10$^{25}$ ± 1.0 × 10$^{25}$ molec. s$^{-1}$ from the TROPOMI+IASI merged TXCH$_{4}$ data. We use COCCON observations to estimate the local source strength as an independent method. COCCON observations indicate a weaker CH$_{4}$ emission strength of 3.7 × 1025 molec. s$^{-1}$ from a local source (the Valdemingómez waste plant) based on observations from a single day. This strength is lower than the one derived from the satellite observations, and it is a plausible result. This is because the analysis of the satellite data refers to a larger area, covering further emission sources in the study region, whereas the signal observed by COCCON is generated by a nearby local source. All emission rates estimated from the different observations are significantly larger than the emission rates provided via the official Spanish Register of Emissions and Pollutant Sources

Tropospheric water vapour isotopologue data (H\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e\u3csup\u3e16\u3c/sup\u3eO, H\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e\u3csup\u3e18\u3c/sup\u3eO, and HD\u3csup\u3e16\u3c/sup\u3eO) as obtained from NDACC/FTIR solar absorption spectra

We report on the ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) tropospheric water vapour isotopologue remote sensing data that have been recently made available via the database of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change; ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/MUSICA/) and via doi:10.5281/zenodo.48902. Currently, data are available for 12 globally distributed stations. They have been centrally retrieved and quality-filtered in the framework of the MUSICA project (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water). We explain particularities of retrieving the water vapour isotopologue state (vertical distribution of H216O, H218O, and HD16O) and reveal the need for a new metadata template for archiving FTIR isotopologue data. We describe the format of different data components and give recommendations for correct data usage. Data are provided as two data types. The first type is best-suited for tropospheric water vapour distribution studies disregarding different isotopologues (comparison with radiosonde data, analyses of water vapour variability and trends, etc.). The second type is needed for analysing moisture pathways by means of H2O, δD-pair distributions

Tropospheric water vapour isotopologue data (H162O, H182O and HD16O) as obtained from NDACC/FTIR solar absorption spectra [Discussion paper]

Tropospheric water vapour isotopologue distributions have been consistently generated and quality filtered for 12 globally distributed ground-based FTIR sites. The products are provided as two data types. The first type is best-suited for tropospheric water vapour distribution studies. The second type is needed for analysing moisture pathways by means of {H2O,δD}-pair distributions. This paper describes the data types and gives recommendations for their correct usage.E. Sepúlveda is supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain under the project CGL2012-37505 (NOVIA project). The measurements in Mexico (Altzomoni) are supported by UNAM-DGAPA grants (IN109914, IN112216) and Conacyt (239618, 249374). Start-up of the measurements in Altzomoni was supported by International Bureau of BMBF under contract no. 01DN12064. 15 Special thanks to A. Bezanilla for data management and the RUOA program (www.ruoa.unam.mx) and personnel for helping maintaining the station. Measurements at Wollongong are supported by the Australian Research Council, grant DP110103118. This study has been conducted in the framework of the project MUSICA which is funded by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC Grant agreement number 256961

Synergetic use of IASI profile and TROPOMI total-column level 2 methane retrieval products

International audienceAbstract. The thermal infrared nadir spectra of IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) are successfully used for retrievals of different atmospheric trace gas profiles. However, these retrievals offer generally reduced information about the lowermost tropospheric layer due to the lack of thermal contrast close to the surface. Spectra of scattered solar radiation observed in the near-infrared and/or shortwave infrared, for instance by TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument), offer higher sensitivity near the ground and are used for the retrieval of total-column-averaged mixing ratios of a variety of atmospheric trace gases. Here we present a method for the synergetic use of IASI profile and TROPOMI total-column level 2 retrieval products. Our method uses the output of the individual retrievals and consists of linear algebra a posteriori calculations (i.e. calculation after the individual retrievals). We show that this approach has strong theoretical similarities to applying the spectra of the different sensors together in a single retrieval procedure but with the substantial advantage of being applicable to data generated with different individual retrieval processors, of being very time efficient, and of directly benefiting from the high quality and most recent improvements of the individual retrieval processors. We demonstrate the method exemplarily for atmospheric methane (CH4). We perform a theoretical evaluation and show that the a posteriori combination method yields a total-column-averaged CH4 product (XCH4) that conserves the good sensitivity of the corresponding TROPOMI product while merging it with the high-quality upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) CH4 partial-column information of the corresponding IASI product. As a consequence, the combined product offers additional sensitivity for the tropospheric CH4 partial column, which is not provided by the individual TROPOMI nor the individual IASI product. The theoretically predicted synergetic effect is verified by comparisons to CH4 reference data obtained from collocated XCH4 measurements at 14 globally distributed TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) stations, CH4 profile measurements made by 36 individual AirCore soundings, and tropospheric CH4 data derived from continuous ground-based in situ observations made at two nearby Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) mountain stations. The comparisons clearly demonstrate that the combined product can reliably detect the actual variations of atmospheric XCH4, CH4 in the UTLS, and CH4 in the troposphere. A similar good reliability for the latter is not achievable by the individual TROPOMI and IASI products

Caracterización cinemática de la esquistosidad en las capas rojas Permo-Triásicas de la Sierra de Espadán (Castellón, NE España)

In this paper the Alpine cleavage affecting the Permo-Triassic series of the Espadan Range (Castellón) is studied. Cleavage affects to argillites and sandstones in Saxonian and Buntsandstein facies. At cartographic scale it is linked with the Espadan box anticline with constant ONO-ESE trend. At microscoscopic scale it constitutes a “spaced cleavage” with a predominance of pressure solution and passive rotation mechanisms. At outcrop scale the cleavage characterizes by a sigmoidal geometry linked both the post-cleavage flexural slip as a cleavage-related flexural flow mechanism. The proposed kinematic model to explain its origin includes three main stages: 1) incipient development of cleavage linked to layer-parallel shortening, 2) buckling and increasing of cleavage penetrativity and 3) folfing amplification and layer-parallel shearSe estudia la esquistosidad alpina que afecta a la serie Permo-Triásica de la Sierra de Espadán, (Castellón). La esquistosidad afecta a los tramos argilíticos y areniscosos en facies Saxoniense y Buntsandstein, con distinto grado de penetratividad. A escala cartográfica se asocia al anticlinal de Espadán con geometría en cofre y orientación ONO-ESE. A escala microestructural se clasifica como esquistosidad espaciada con predominio de los mecanismos de disolución por presión y rotación mecánica de filosilicatos. A escala de afloramiento destaca la geometría sigmoidal de las superficies de esquistosidad atribuida tanto a un mecanismo post-esquistoso de flexodeslizamiento en las capas competentes como a flexofluencia sin-esquistosa en capas incompetentes. El modelo cinemático para su génesis contempla tres estadios: 1) desarrollo incipiente de esquistosidad en relación a acortamiento paralelo a las capas, 2) buckling e incremento del grado de penetratividad y 3) amplificación de los pliegues y cizalla simple paralela a las capa