La dynamique des formes sociales et des savoirs entrepreneuriaux : le cas du marché du tourisme sportif

Sur la base d'entretiens et d'observations ethnographiques réalisés auprès de plus de soixante acteurs du tourisme sportif de nature situés dans l'Aveyron, la thèse appréhende les ressources nécessaires à la création et au développement des entreprises de ce département. Considérant que la création et le développement des entreprises de tourisme sportif sont des processus complexes nécessitant une approche pluraliste, les apports de la sociologie des dispositions ont été combinés à ceux de la sociologie des carrières et de la sociologie des réseaux sociaux. Nous nous attachons dans un premier temps à saisir la carrière des dirigeants d'entreprise de tourisme sportif ; ces derniers s'étant initialement investis dans une pratique amateur avant de convertir plus ou moins partiellement leur loisir en une activité professionnelle. Par la suite, nous appréhendons les processus de création et de développement des entreprises en lien avec les carrières individuelles, les ressources mobilisées par les acteurs - qu'il s'agisse de leurs ressources internes ou des ressources externes, et leurs modes d'accès. A ce titre, plusieurs échelles d'analyse ont été considérées (les échelles des masses, du temps et de la généralité) et mises en relation dans l'objectif de mettre en exergue la dynamique des formes sociales caractérisant le marché du tourisme sportif aveyronnais.On the basis of interviews and of ethnographical observations realized with more than sixty professionals of sports tourism situated in Aveyron, the thesis consists of comprehending the resources necessary for the creation and for the development of the companies of sports tourism. Considering that the creation and the development of the companies of sports tourism are complex processes requiring a pluralistic approach, the contributions of the sociology of dispositions were combined to those of the sociology of careers and the sociology of the social networks. At first, we study the career of the managers of sports tourism; these last ones making a commitment at first in the " amateur's career ". Afterward, we analyse the processes of creation and development of companies, in connection with the individual careers, the resources mobilized by the actors and their access modes. Several analysis scales were considered in order to bring to light the dynamics of the social forms characterizing the market of the sports tourism

De l’amateur sportif au dirigeant d’une petite entreprise. Le tourisme sportif de pleine nature

Les entreprises du secteur du tourisme sportif rencontrent des difficultés à se développer. A partir d’entretiens et d’observations ethnographiques réalisés dans le département de l’Aveyron, cet article vise à reconstituer la carrière des dirigeants d’entreprises de loisirs sportifs de pleine nature et la construction de leurs dispositions. L’analyse révèle que développer une entreprise de ce type nécessite une « conversion » des dirigeants qui, de pratiquants puis d’éducateurs sportifs doivent devenir des gestionnaires et marchands. Ce passage implique une « mise en sommeil » des dispositions sportives liées à l’encadrement d’usagers et une diversification des compétences dans les domaines du tourisme et de la gestion d’entreprise.The outdoor sports tourism companies have difficulties to develop. Several authors have mentioned deficiencies: in particular, a lack of competences concerning the marketing and management of companies. To reconstitute leaders’ career, we performed forty five biographical interviews and directive interviews in small outdoor sports tourism companies in the department of Aveyron (France). Our results reveals that to manage companies of outdoor sports tourism require an inhibition of the sport aptitudes and a diversification of the skills, allowing the leisure sports professionals to adjust themselves to the sports tourism market and to develop their companies

Les tensions entre esprit d’entreprendre émancipateur et esprit d’entreprise procédural : l’exemple des STAPS

En regroupant trois enquêtes sur la discipline universitaire STAPS (Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives) traitant, d’une part, des divergences entre formateurs et, d’autre part, des carrières étudiantes et professionnelles dans le domaine du sport, nous montrons, de façon plus large, que la tension entre esprit d’entreprendre émancipateur et esprit d’entreprise procédural s’exprime sous des formes diverses. Chez les formateurs, elle recoupe les controverses entre conceptions de la professionnalisation des étudiants. Dans les carrières des jeunes se professionnalisant, elle s’exprime dans la difficile conciliation entre la passion pour le sport, la réussite dans les études et l’exercice pérenne d’un métier.By associating three surveys on the french Sport Sciences discipline dealing respectively with the divergences between trainers, student and professional careers in the field of sport, we argue that the global tension between the spirit of emancipatory entrepreneurship and the procedural spirit of enterprise takes various forms. Among the trainers it overlaps the controversies between conceptions of the professionalization of students. In the careers of these young peoples becoming professionals, it is expressed in the difficult articulation of the passion for sport, success in the studies and the perennial exercise of a trade.Spannungen zwischen emanzipatorischem und prozeduralem Unternehmergeist am Beispiel der STAPS. Auf Grundlage von drei gemeinsam betrachteten Untersuchungen, die im Studienfach STAPS (Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives, Sportwissenschaft und -technik) durchgeführt wurden und sich mit den Divergenzen zwischen Ausbildern einerseits und den studentischen und beruflichen Laufbahnen im Bereich Sport andererseits befassen, wird im weiteren Sinne gezeigt, dass die Spannung zwischen emanzipatorischem und prozeduralem Unternehmergeist in verschiedenen Formen zum Ausdruck kommt. Bei den Ausbildern entspricht sie den Kontroversen zwischen den Auffassungen zur Professionalisierung. Bei den Berufswegen der sich professionalisierenden jungen Leute zeigt sie sich in der schwierigen Vereinbarung von Sportbegeisterung, erfolgreichem Studium und langfristiger Ausübung des Berufs.Al agrupar tres investigaciones sobre la disciplina universitaria STAPS (Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives - Ciencias y técnicas de las actividades físicas y deportivas) que tratan sobre las divergencias entre formadores por una parte, y por otra, sobre carreras estudiantiles y profesionales en el ámbito deportivo, mostramos, de manera más general, que la tensión entre espíritu emprendedor emancipador y espíritu empresarial procesual se expresa en formas diversas. Entre los formadores, coincide con las controversias entre concepciones de la profesionalización de los estudiantes. En las carreras de los jóvenes que se profesionalizan, se expresa en la difícil conciliación de la pasión por el deporte, el éxito en los estudios y el ejercicio perenne de una profesión

Gene–environment interplay in the link of friends’ and non-friends’ behaviors with children’s social reticence in a competitive situation

This study used a genetically informed design to assess the effects of friends’ and nonfriends’ reticent and dominant behaviors on children’s observed social reticence in a competitive situation. Potential gene–environment correlations (rGE) and gene–environment interactions (GxE) in the link between (a) friends’ and nonfriends’ behaviors and (b) children’s social reticence were examined. The sample comprised 466 twin children (i.e., the target children), each of whom was assessed in kindergarten together with a same-sex friend and two nonfriend classmates of either sex. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that children with a genetic disposition for social reticence showed more reticent behavior in the competitive situation and were more likely to affiliate with reticent friends (i.e., rGE). Moreover, a higher level of children’s reticent behavior was predicted by their friends’ higher social reticence (particularly for girls) and their friends’ higher social dominance, independently of children’s genetic disposition. Children’s social reticence was also predicted by their nonfriends’ behaviors. Specifically, children were less reticent when male nonfriends showed high levels of social reticence in the competitive situation, and this was particularly true for children with a genetic disposition for social reticence (i.e., GxE). Moreover, children genetically vulnerable for social reticence seemed to foster dominant behavior in their female nonfriend peers (i.e., rGE). In turn, male nonfriends seemed to be more dominant as soon as the target children were reticent, even if the target children did not have a stable genetic disposition for this behavior

A sociological contribution to understanding the use of robots in schools: the Thymio robot

The Thymio II robot was designed to be used by teachers in their classrooms for a wide range of activities and at all levels of the curriculum, from very young children to the end of high school. Although the educationally oriented design of this innovative robot was successful and made it possible to distribute more than 800 Thymio robots in schools with a large majority in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, it was not sufficient to significantly raise the number of teachers using robot technology in their teaching after three years of commercialization. After an introduction and a first section on the design of this educational robot, this paper presents some results of a sociological analysis of the benefits and blockages identified by teachers in using robots, or not, with their pupils

Chronic hypoxia aggravates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: a rodent relevant model to the human severe form of the disease

International audienc

Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios

The Mediterranean climate is expected to become warmer and drier during the twenty-first century. Mediterranean Sea response to climate change could be modulated by the choice of the socio-economic scenario as well as the choice of the boundary conditions mainly the Atlantic hydrography, the river runoff and the atmospheric fluxes. To assess and quantify the sensitivity of the Mediterranean Sea to the twenty-first century climate change, a set of numerical experiments was carried out with the regional ocean model NEMOMED8 set up for the Mediterranean Sea. The model is forced by air–sea fluxes derived from the regional climate model ARPEGE-Climate at a 50-km horizontal resolution. Historical simulations representing the climate of the period 1961–2000 were run to obtain a reference state. From this baseline, various sensitivity experiments were performed for the period 2001–2099, following different socio-economic scenarios based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. For the A2 scenario, the main three boundary forcings (river runoff, near-Atlantic water hydrography and air–sea fluxes) were changed one by one to better identify the role of each forcing in the way the ocean responds to climate change. In two additional simulations (A1B, B1), the scenario is changed, allowing to quantify the socio-economic uncertainty. Our 6-member scenario simulations display a warming and saltening of the Mediterranean. For the 2070–2099 period compared to 1961–1990, the sea surface temperature anomalies range from +1.73 to +2.97 °C and the SSS anomalies spread from +0.48 to +0.89. In most of the cases, we found that the future Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (MTHC) tends to reach a situation similar to the eastern Mediterranean Transient. However, this response is varying depending on the chosen boundary conditions and socio-economic scenarios. Our numerical experiments suggest that the choice of the near-Atlantic surface water evolution, which is very uncertain in General Circulation Models, has the largest impact on the evolution of the Mediterranean water masses, followed by the choice of the socio-economic scenario. The choice of river runoff and atmospheric forcing both have a smaller impact. The state of the MTHC during the historical period is found to have a large influence on the transfer of surface anomalies toward depth. Besides, subsurface currents are substantially modified in the Ionian Sea and the Balearic region. Finally, the response of thermosteric sea level ranges from +34 to +49 cm (2070–2099 vs. 1961–1990), mainly depending on the Atlantic forcing

Fatal Enterovirus-related Myocarditis in a Patient with Devic’s Syndrome Treated with Rituximab

Enteroviruses are a frequent source of infection and among the most common central nervous system viral pathogens. Enteroviruses – in particular, the Coxsackie B viruses – are a known cause of myocarditis. Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Many reports in the literature suggest a higher risk of infection following repeated rituximab therapy, including viral infection. However, observations of enterovirus-related myocarditis in the context of rituximab treatment are scarce. The authors describe the case of a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder who developed severe and fatal enterovirus-related myocarditis after rituximab therapy with a difficult differential diagnosis of autoimmune or giant-cell myocarditis. This case highlights the importance of complete diagnostic workup in difficult cases of myocarditis, including endomyocardial biopsies

Epilepsy with migrating focal seizures

To report new sporadic cases and 1 family with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFSs) due to KCNT1 gain-of-function and to assess therapies' efficacy including quinidine. We reviewed the clinical, EEG, and molecular data of 17 new patients with EIMFS and KCNT1 mutations, in collaboration with the network of the French reference center for rare epilepsies. The mean seizure onset age was 1 month (range: 1 hour to 4 months), and all children had focal motor seizures with autonomic signs and migrating ictal pattern on EEG. Three children also had infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia. The identified KCNT1 variants clustered as "hot spots" on the C-terminal domain, and all mutations occurred de novo except the p.R398Q mutation inherited from the father with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, present in 2 paternal uncles, one being asymptomatic and the other with single tonic-clonic seizure. In 1 patient with EIMFS, we identified the p.R1106Q mutation associated with Brugada syndrome and saw no abnormality in cardiac rhythm. Quinidine was well tolerated when administered to 2 and 4-year-old patients but did not reduce seizure frequency. The majority of the KCNT1 mutations appear to cluster in hot spots essential for the channel activity. A same mutation can be linked to a spectrum of conditions ranging from EMFSI to asymptomatic carrier, even in the same family. None of the antiepileptic therapies displayed clinical efficacy, including quinidine in 2 patients