Medical students' perspectives on online proctoring during remote digital progress test

Remote teaching and assessment are essential for current education. During online examination, online proctoring is often used as a surveillance tool. Little is known about student perceptions on online proctoring. Using an online questionnaire, we found that medical students worry most about unjustified invalidation of their exam due to unstable internet connection, background noise or webcam issues, and privacy issues. It is important to be aware of these worries as they may influence test results.Cellular mechanisms in basic and clinical gastroenterology and hepatolog

Insights in the global genetics and gut microbiome of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens: implications for animal feed safety control

Open Access Journal; Published online: 07 July 2020The utilization of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens L. for recycling organic waste into high-quality protein and fat biomass for animal feeds has gained momentum worldwide. However, information on the genetic diversity and environmental implications on safety of the larvae is limited. This study delineates genetic variability and unravels gut microbiome complex of wild-collected and domesticated BSF populations from six continents using mitochondrial COI gene and 16S metagenomics. All sequences generated from the study linked to H. illucens accessions KM967419.1, FJ794355.1, FJ794361.1, FJ794367.1, KC192965.1, and KY817115.1 from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences generated from the study and rooted by GenBank accessions of Hermetia albitarsis Fabricius and Hermetia sexmaculata Macquart separated all samples into three branches, with H. illucens and H. sexmaculata being closely related. Genetic distances between H. illucens samples from the study and GenBank accessions of H. illucens ranged between 0.0091 and 0.0407 while H. sexmaculata and H. albitarsis samples clearly separated from all H. illucens by distances of 0.1745 and 0.1903, respectively. Genetic distance matrix was used to generate a principal coordinate plot that further confirmed the phylogenetic clustering. Haplotype network map demonstrated that Australia, United States 1 (Rhode Island), United States 2 (Colorado), Kenya, and China shared a haplotype, while Uganda shared a haplotype with GenBank accession KC192965 BSF from United States. All other samples analyzed had individual haplotypes. Out of 481,695 reads analyzed from 16S metagenomics, four bacterial families (Enterobactereaceae, Dysgonomonadaceae, Wohlfahrtiimonadaceae, and Enterococcaceae) were most abundant in the BSF samples. Alpha-diversity, as assessed by Shannon index, showed that the Kenyan and Thailand populations had the highest and lowest microbe diversity, respectively; while microbial diversity assessed through Bray Curtis distance showed United States 3 (Maysville) and Netherlands populations to be the most dissimilar. Our findings on genetic diversity revealed slight phylogeographic variation between BSF populations across the globe. The 16S data depicted larval gut bacterial families with economically important genera that might pose health risks to both animals and humans. This study recommends pre-treatment of feedstocks and postharvest measures of the harvested BSF larvae to minimize risk of pathogen contamination along the insect-based feed value chain

Monitoring of some major volatile organic compounds on board of chemical tankers

Nowadays, chemical tankers are transporting a wide variety of chemical products. These products have different characteristics, and some are toxic. In literature several studies suggest an increased incidence of various forms of cancer for crew members on tankers. Most of these studies are based on medical statistics, rather than on effective measurements on board. The aim of this study is to monitor the average concentrations of toxic vapours on board of chemical tankers. Therefore we went on board of two chemical tankers for a 14-day trip and performed measurements during the normal operation of the vessel, in order to find out whether cargo vapours are traceable in the atmosphere in and around the vessel. The concentrations measured clearly show that there is a relationship between the cargoes transported and the concentration of the cargo vapour in the atmosphere in and around the vessel. The results further show an elevated concentration of the analyzed substances in the engine room and an important influence of the relative wind direction. Tank vents situated in the gas-safe zone influenced the results as well

Excitation mechanisms in the intracluster filaments surrounding brightest cluster galaxies

Context. The excitation of the filamentary gas structures surrounding giant elliptical galaxies at the center of cool-core clusters, also known as brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), is key to our understanding of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, and of the impact of environmental and local effects on star formation. Aims. We investigate the contribution of thermal radiation from the cooling flow surrounding BCGs to the excitation of the filaments. We explore the effects of small levels of extra heating (turbulence), and of metallicity, on the optical and infrared lines. Methods. Using the CLOUDY code, we modeled the photoionization and photodissociation of a slab of gas of optical depth AV ≤ 30 mag at constant pressure in order to calculate self-consistently all of the gas phases, from ionized gas to molecular gas. The ionizing source is the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray radiation emitted by the cooling gas. We tested these models comparing their predictions to the rich multi-wavelength observations from optical to submillimeter, now achieved in cool core clusters. Results. Such models of self-irradiated clouds, when reaching sufficiently large AV, lead to a cloud structure with ionized, atomic, and molecular gas phases. These models reproduce most of the multi-wavelength spectra observed in the nebulae surrounding the BCGs, not only the low-ionization nuclear emission region like optical diagnostics, [O III]λ 5007 Å/Hβ, [N II]λ 6583 Å/Hα, and ([S II]λ 6716 Å+[S II]λ 6731 Å)/Hα, but also the infrared emission lines from the atomic gas. [O I]λ 6300 Å/Hα, instead, is overestimated across the full parameter space, except for very low AV. The modeled ro-vibrational H2 lines also match observations, which indicates that near- and mid-infrared H2 lines are mostly excited by collisions between H2 molecules and secondary electrons produced naturally inside the cloud by the interaction between the X-rays and the cold gas in the filament. However, there is still some tension between ionized and molecular line tracers (i.e., CO), which requires optimization of the cloud structure and the density of the molecular zone. The limited range of parameters over which predictions match observations allows us to constrain, in spite of degeneracies in the parameter space, the intensity of X-ray radiation bathing filaments, as well as some of their physical properties like AV or the level of turbulent heating rate. Conclusions. The reprocessing of the EUV and X-ray radiation from the plasma cooling is an important powering source of line emission from filaments surrounding BCGs. CLOUDY self-irradiated X-ray excitation models coupled with a small level of turbulent heating manage to simultaneously reproduce a large number of optical-to-infrared line ratios when all the gas phases (from ionized to molecular) are modeled self-consistently. Releasing some of the simplifications of our model, like the constant pressure, or adding the radiation fields from the AGN and stars, as well as a combination of matter- and radiation-bounded cloud distribution, should improve the predictions of line emission from the different gas phases

Ganho de peso vivo e fermentação ruminal em novilhos mantidos em pastagem cultivada de clima temperado e recebendo diferentes suplementos Live weight gain and ruminal fermentation by steers grazing cool-season grass pasture and given different supplements

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o ganho de peso vivo (Experimento 1) e parâmetros da fermentação ruminal (Experimento 2) em quarenta novilhos cruzados Charolês e Nelore, mantidos em pastagem cultivada de inverno, por quatro horas diárias e não suplementados, ou por somente duas horas, mas suplementados (1% do peso vivo) com silagem de planta inteira, silagem de grão úmido ou com grão seco de sorgo. Os animais alimentados somente com pastagem obtiveram os maiores ganhos de peso vivo (P<0,05) e os suplementados com silagem de planta inteira, os menores. Os suplementados com grãos, tanto secos como na forma de silagem, obtiveram ganhos de peso intermediários. As concentrações de aminoácidos e peptídeos não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela suplementação, as de amônia e açúcares foram maiores nos animais mantidos somente com pastagem e nos suplementados com silagem de grão úmido, e menores nos animais suplementados com silagem de planta inteira ou com grão seco de sorgo (P<0,05). Os valores de pH ruminal foram menores nos animais suplementados com silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (P<0,05). Os suplementos utilizados não melhoraram o desempenho dos animais mantidos em pastagem cultivada de clima temperado, mas a fermentação ruminal variou ao longo do dia e com o tipo de suplemento utilizado. No entanto, os resultados indicam também que, além do tipo, a adequação de horários de pastejo e de suplementação poderia representar um fator condicionante à eficiência do uso do suplemento pelos animais.<br>Two experiments to evaluate daily weight gain (Experiment 1) and ruminal fermentation parameters (Experiment 2) were carried out. Nelore and Charolais crossbreed steers grazing on cool-season pasture during four hours daily or during only two hours daily but supplemented (1% of live weight) with sorghum whole plant silage, wet grain silage or dry grain were used. Animals fed only with pasture obtained the highest and, those supplemented with whole plant silage, the lowest daily weight gain (P<0.05). Wet or dry grain supplemented steers obtained intermediary daily weight gain. Ruminal concentrations of amino acids and peptides were not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation. Ammonia and sugar concentrations were higher by animals fed only with pasture or supplemented with sorghum wet grain silage and lower by those supplemented with whole plant silage or dry grain (P<0.05). Ruminal pH values were lower by animals supplemented with sorghum wet grain silage (P<0.05). Supplements did not improve weight gain of steers grazing cool-season pasture but ruminal fermentation varied through a day and was different among supplements. Results also indicate that, besides supplement type, synchrony between grazing and supplementation schedule may represent a conditioning factor to improve feed efficiency use by animals