Can dissuasive cigarettes influence young peoples’ perceptions of smoking?

Background In order to counter the attractiveness of cigarettes, Article 11 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control mentions the possibility of including a health warning on cigarettes. The objective of this study was toexplore perceptions of cigarettes designed to be dissuasive (either displaying a text health warning or pictogram, unattractively coloured, or a combination of these). Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 people in France aged 15-25 years (11daily smokers, 10 occasional smokers, 10 non-smokers, 15 females, 16 males). Participants were shown the different dissuasive cigarettes (displaying the warning \u27Smoking kills\u27, a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram, unattractive shades of brown or green, or a combination of all three). Open-ended questions were asked about the attractiveness of the cigarettes, perception of risk, the image of the smoker, and influence on desire to quit or not to start. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Manual coding and « IRaMuTeQ » software was used to analyse the data. Results The different dissuasive elements used were found to increase negative health perceptions (e.g.  increase risk), reduce positive smoker image and the perceived pleasure of smoking (e.g. embarrassment of smoking in front of friends), decrease desire to start smoking and increase desire to quit. The most dissuasive cigarette was an unattractively coloured cigarette which displayed both the warning \u27smoking kills\u27 and \u27skull and bones\u27 pictogram. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of the appearance of the cigarette, and suggests that dissuasive cigarettes may be an innovative tobacco control measure for governments

Dissuasive cigarettes: which cues are the most effective at deterring young people from smoking?

Objectives In order to counter the attractiveness of cigarettes, Article 11 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides for the possibility of including warnings on cigarettes. The objective of our research was to explore perceptions of cigarettes designed to be dissuasive (either displaying the warning ‘Smoking kills’ in uppercase or lowercase, a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram, unattractive shades of brown or dark green, or a combination of all these negative cues). Study design In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 people in France aged 15-25 (10 daily smokers, 10 occasional smokers, 11 non-smokers; 15 females, 16 males). Methods Participants were shown different dissuasive cigarettes (displaying the warning ‘Smoking kills’, a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram, unattractive shades of brown or dark green, or a combination of all three), and current branded ones. Open-ended questions were asked about the attractiveness of the cigarettes, perception of risk, the image of the smoker, and influence on the desire to quit or not to start. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Results The different dissuasive cues were found to increase negative health perceptions (e.g., increase risk), reduce positive smoker image and the perceived pleasure of smoking (e.g., embarrassment of smoking in front of friends), decrease the desire to start smoking and increase the desire to quit. The most dissuasive cigarette was an unattractively dark-coloured cigarette which displayed both the warning ‘smoking kills’ and a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of the appearance of cigarettes and suggests that dissuasive cigarettes may be an innovative tobacco control measure for governments

Peut-on influencer la représentation du tabagisme et l’envie de fumer chez les jeunes en modifiant le design des cigarettes

The objective of this research is to study the role of deterrent cigarettes (deterrence activated via colour, a warning label and a pictogram) on perceptions and smoking behaviour among youth people (15-25 years). The results show that different elements (green or brown colours, degree of covering, a warning, a « skull and cross bones » pictogram) impact the negative representations raised by the tobacco product (dangers), affect the image of smokers, reduce the pleasure to smoke and smoking behavioural intentions

Contexte de programme violent a la television et memorisation des publicites : Roles respectifs du niveau de violence et de la narrativite

International audienceAfin de mieux comprendre l’influence d’un contexte de programme violent sur la mémorisation des publicités, trois expérimentations ont été menées. Prenant comme point de départ une réplication conceptuelle des travaux de Bushman et Bonacci (2002) (expérimentation 1), nous proposons d’étudier l’influence du niveau de violence contenu dans les programmes (expérimentation 2) ainsi que celle de la continuité narrative du récit, préservée ou non (expérimentation 3). Les résultats montrent que l’intensité de violence est positivement corrélée au rappel libre des publicités et que la continuité narrative n’a pas d’influence sur la mémorisation des publicités. Enfin, le rôle de l’implication envers le programme – variable médiatrice entre violence perçue et rappel publicitaire, modérée par le sexe et la sensibilité du spectateur – est mis en évidence

Effect of combining fear and anger in anti-smoking messages to discourage young smokers

International audienceObjectives: Previous studies have reported mixed results in reducing the prevalence of tobacco use among young people. The present study investigates the influence of a combined emotions (fear and anger) approach to strengthen the persuasive impact of anti-smoking messages aimed at young smokers. Study design: The study adopts a between-subject design experiment. Methods: Participants were exposed to either a fear appeal or a fear and anger appeal message, after which they answered questions about their emotions, perceived message effectiveness, and intention to reduce cigarette consumption and to quit smoking. An original measure of the co-occurrence of emotions felt by the participants (minimum [MIN] score) was used and mediation analyses were conducted to test the relationship between the emotional content of the message and behavioral intentions through the co-occurrence of fear and anger and perceived message effectiveness. Results: The findings show that the co-occurrence of fear and anger felt by individuals and perceived message effectiveness serially mediate the positive influence of a fear and anger appeal message compared to a fear alone appeal on changes in intention behavior (intention to reduce cigarette consumption, indirect effect = 0.152, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.014, 0.340], and intention to quit smoking, indirect effect = 0.236, 95% CI [0.096, 0.413]). Conclusions: The study shows the interest of combining negative emotions in prevention messages and offers guidance for government agencies responsible for tobacco control policies to help them improve the effectiveness of anti-smoking messages. © 2022 The Royal Society for Public Healt

Attention to food health warnings in children's advertising: a French perspective

International audienceObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate how much attention children pay to health warnings displayed on TV and print advertisements promoting drinks with added sugar, salt, or artificial sweeteners, and processed food products.Study designThe research was conducted in France among 50 children, using an eye-tracking system to record participants’ eye movements on TV and print advertisements.MethodsTo reproduce the natural exposure conditions to TV commercials, the children were asked to watch a 12-min extract of an animated comedy film with two commercial breaks sandwiched between the extract. For the print ads, all the children were exposed to eight ads. The use of an eye-tracking system gave an objective measurement of the attention paid to the food health warnings.ResultsThe results show that children exposed to these food product advertisements pay little or no attention to the warnings. Only 18% of the children made more than one eye fixation on the central message of the health warnings (the part displaying the health recommendation) for TV commercials, and almost no attention was given to warnings displayed on the print ads.ConclusionsThis study shows that the French authorities should take stronger and more decisive measures to help children adopt healthy behavior because the current health warnings appear insufficient to inform children

Influence d'un contexte de programme triste sur le processus de persuasion publicitaire chez des adultes jeunes et ages

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Dissuasive cigarettes: which cues are the most effective at deterring young people from smoking?

International audienceObjectivesTo counter the attractiveness of cigarettes, Article 11 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides for the possibility of including warnings on cigarettes. The objective of our research was to explore perceptions of cigarettes designed to be dissuasive (displaying the warning ‘Smoking kills’ in uppercase or lowercase, a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram, unattractive shades of brown or dark green or a combination of all these negative cues).Study designIn-depth interviews were conducted with 31 people in France aged 15–25 years (10 daily smokers, 10 occasional smokers and 11 non-smokers; 15 females and 16 males).MethodsParticipants were shown different dissuasive cigarettes (displaying the warning ‘Smoking kills’, a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram, unattractive shades of brown or dark green or a combination of all three) and current branded ones. Open-ended questions were asked about the attractiveness of the cigarettes, perception of risk, the image of the smoker and influence on the desire to quit or not to start. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed.ResultsThe different dissuasive cues were found to increase negative health perceptions (e.g., increase risk), reduce positive smoker image and the perceived pleasure of smoking (e.g., embarrassment of smoking in front of friends), decrease the desire to start smoking and increase the desire to quit. The most dissuasive cigarette was an unattractively dark-coloured cigarette which displayed both the warning ‘Smoking kills’ and a ‘skull and crossbones’ pictogram.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of the appearance of cigarettes and suggests that dissuasive cigarettes may be an innovative tobacco control measure for governments

Blowing minds with exploding dish names/images: The effect of implied explosion on consumer behavior in a restaurant context

International audienceDish names and dish images can be widely found online, providing consumers with important information. Meanwhile, implied explosion (i.e., the perception of explosion induced by static stimuli) is increasingly utilized by real-world restaurants. The present research thus combines dish names, dish images, and implied explosion to examine the impact of implied explosion on various aspects of consumer behavior within a restaurant context. Three experiments demonstrated that exploding dish names and exploding dish images (i.e., dish names/dish images showing implied explosion) can create a more intense taste perception and a more favorable taste evaluation. Additionally, exploding dish images can enhance perceived dish liking and increase consumers’ willingness to pay. The present research suggests that exploding dish names/dish images are subtle but effective communication tools for the tourism industry, helping to deliver a more stimulating perception and experience to consumers and to generate higher margins. By exploring the effects of implied explosion, we also introduce the implied motion concept to the tourism management literature. © 2023 Elsevier Lt

Improving the effectiveness of pregnancy warning labels displayed on alcohol containers: a French eye-tracking study

International audienceOBJECTIVES: Every year, foetal alcohol spectrum disorders impact 1 in 100 live births in France. France is one of the few countries with mandated labelling that must include a pregnancy warning. However, as the regulation passed with minimal specifications regarding the size and colour of the ensuing pictogram, the current pregnancy warning labels (PWLs) is often barely visible. This study investigated the potential influence of the PWL design on women’s attention and alcohol product choice. STUDY DESIGN: The study used a within-subject experiment, with participants exposed to four PWL conditions. METHODS: An eye-tracking method was adopted. Eye movement was used as a proxy for measuring visual attention. In total, 4752 observations were collected (99 participants × 48 wine bottles) among women of childbearing age. RESULTS: The results show that almost none of the participants paid attention to the current French PWL. However, the findings also indicate that a larger colourful PWL, with a combined text and pictogram, attracts far more attention, and that participants chose the bottles of wine displaying this type of PWL less frequently. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that the current French PWL is insufficient to draw women’s attention and suggests improvements to the PWL design to help increase its effectiveness