Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task

To investigate why 3‐year‐olds have difficulty in switching sorting dimensions, children of 3 and 4 years were tested in one of four conditions on Zelazo's card sort task: standard, sleeve, label and face‐up. In the standard condition, children were required to sort blue‐truck and red‐star cards under either a blue‐star or red‐truck model card, first by color or shape, and then by the other dimension. Here 3‐year‐olds sorted correctly until the dimension changed; they continue to sort by the initial dimension. The sleeve condition (placing the sorting cards in an envelope prior to sorting) had little effect. In the label condition, the child labeled the relevant sorting dimension on each trial. Most 3‐year‐olds succeeded; evidently their labeling helped them refocus their attention, overcoming ‘attentional inertia’ (the pull to continue attending to the previously relevant dimension). In the face‐up condition, attentional inertia was strengthened because sorted cards were left face‐up; 4‐year‐olds performed worse than in the standard condition. We posit that attentional inertia is the core problem for preschoolers on the card sort task

Functional near infrared optical imaging in cognitive neuroscience: an introductory review

Cognitive neuroscience is a multidisciplinary field focused on the exploration of the neural substrates underlying cognitive functions; the most remarkable progress in understanding the relationship between brain and cognition has been made with functional brain imaging. Functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy is a non-invasive brain imaging technique that measures the variation of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin at high temporal resolution. Stemming from the first pioneering experiments, the use of fNIR spectroscopy in cognitive neuroscience has constantly increased. Here, we present a brief review of the fNIR spectroscopy investigations in the cognitive neuroscience field. The topics discussed encompass the classical issues in cognitive neuroscience, such as the exploration of the neural correlates of vision, language, memory, attention and executive functions. Other relevant research topics are introduced in order to show the strengths and the limitations of fNIR spectroscopy, as well as its potential in the biomedical field. This review is intended to provide a general view of the wide variety of optical imaging applications in the field of cognitive neuroscience. The increasing body of studies and the constant technical improvement suggest that fNIR spectroscopy is a versatile and promising instrument to investigate the neural correlates of human cognition