Pattern specificity of contrast adaptation.

Contrast adaptation is specific to precisely localised edges, so that adapting to a flickering photograph makes one less sensitive to that same photograph, but not to similar photographs. When two low-contrast photos, A and B, are transparently superimposed, then adapting to a flickering high-contrast B leaves no net afterimage, but it makes B disappear from the A+B picture, which now simply looks like A

Rotating Squares Look Like Pincushions.

Rotating squares appeared to be distorted into pincushions with concave sides. These illusory shape changes were caused by a perceived compression along the curved path of motion

Illusory drifting within a window that moves across a flickering background.

When a striped disk moves across a flickering background, the stripes paradoxically seem to move faster than the disk itself. We attribute this new illusion to reverse-phi motion, which slows down the disk rim but does not affect the stripes

Motion-Driven Transparency and Opacity.

When two adjacent surfaces move in step, this can generate a sensation of transparency, even in the absence of intersections. Stopping the motion of one surface makes it look suddenly opaque

The 1s-State Analysis Applied to High-Angle, Annular Dark-Field Image Interpretation - When Can We Use It?

A small probe centered on an atomic column excites the bound and unbound states of the two-dimensional projected potential of the column. It has been argued that, even when several states are excited, only the 1s state is sufficiently localized to contribute a signal to the high-angle detector. This article shows that non-1s states do make a significant contribution for certain incident probe profiles. The contribution of the 1s state to the thermal diffuse scattering is calculated directly. Sub-Ångstrom probes formed by Cs-corrected lenses excite predominantly the 1s state and contributions from other states are not very large. For probes of lower resolution when non-1s states are important, the integrated electron intensity at the column provides a better estimate of image intensity

Detaining the Uncooperative Migrant

A migrant held in a Canadian prison refuses to hand over a DNA sample to the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA). Another refuses to sign a statutory declaration of voluntary return to Somalia where his return is anything but voluntary. Others outright refuse at times to assist in any manner whatsoever with their own deportation. Canadian officials, judges, and adjudicators have treated all of these situations as instances of “non-cooperative” behaviour by an immigration detainee and, in turn, relied on such conduct to impose lengthy and indefinite periods of immigration detention. While the issue of an immigration detainee’s “non-cooperation” seems idiosyncratic and relatively unimportant in the larger scheme of immigration controls in Canada, we argue that this line of case law constitutes an example of the ambiguity surrounding the purpose of immigration detention itself and, when considered in light of writing by Michel Foucault and David Garland, reveals the State’s goal of individualizing, disciplining, and controlling non-citizens in order to achieve certain political aims in response to fears stoked by globalization. More specifically, we contend that where non-cooperation is cited by Canadian courts and tribunals as a justification for detaining a non-citizen, the supposedly nonpunitive nature of immigration detention is called into question. In this article, Foucault’s writing on the disciplinary society is used as a lens to demonstrate that, rather than immigration detention being used as a means to further the machinery of immigration control, it is instead being used as a means of disciplining non-citizens who have dared to “transgress” the Canadian border regime. David Garland’s writings on crime control also show that immigration detention serves an expressive function, allowing the Canadian government to denounce these perceived transgressions of sovereignty committed by undisciplinable migrants for political traction. At the same time, we seek to underline a fact that often goes unacknowledged in discussions around immigration detention: namely, that non-cooperation can constitute a form of resistance—an expression of agency and autonomy—on the part of migrants against the machinery of the state. Finally, we conclude by arguing that the justification of lengthy and indefinite periods of detention of non-citizens on the basis of non-cooperation is instrumentally incoherent (in that detention on the basis of non-cooperation does not seem to achieve the purpose of immigration control) and legally incoherent (in that the statutory basis for non-cooperation as justification for lengthy and indefinite detention is absent). We argue that the introduction of certain principles into the Canadian immigration detention regime could remedy this significant problem

The Adverse Human Rights Impacts of Canadian Technology Companies: Reforming Export Control with the Introduction of Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence

Netsweeper, a Canadian company, has produced and sold Internet-filtering technology to authoritarian regimes abroad. According to public research from the Citizen Lab, this technology has been used to censor religious content in Bahrain, information on Rohingya refugees in Myanmar and India, political campaign content in United Arab Emirates, and information on HIV/AIDS in Kuwait. This article considers how Canadian export control law deals with technologies that negatively impact human rights abroad and identifies a gap in the existing export control scheme. We suggest this gap could be closed by adopting a proactive human rights due diligence requirement on companies seeking to export products under Canadian law. There is existing precedent in other jurisdictions for imposing a human rights due diligence requirement on companies more broadly as a matter of law. A legislative amendment to Canada’s export regime would move Canada towards meaningful compliance with the United Nations Guiding Principles, reflect a growing normative acceptance that companies have a duty to respect human rights under international law, and potentially open avenues for legal remedy

induced movement the flying bluebottle illusion

Two small objects (flies) followed identical circular orbits. However, a large background that circled around behind them in different phases made one orbit look twice as large as the other (size illusion) or made the circles look like very thin horizontal or vertical ellipses with aspect ratios of 7.5:1 or more (shape illusion). The nature of the perceptual distortion depended upon the relative phase between the movements of the background and those of the flies. Brief snatches of the moving background that added up to a circular motion were also effective

Simulation for Scanning Electron Microscopy

Simulations of images of surface steps obtained by high energy reflection electron microscopy are presented. It is shown that double images of simple steps, with no associated strain field, may occur when surface resonance conditions are established. Accurate calculation of image intensity requires large calculations and care is needed in relating the computed wave functions to those occurring for a semi-infinite incident wave. Estimates of the time to compute accurate wavefunctions are given and it is shown that they are reasonable for modem fast computers

Ecomorphological diversity of Australian tadpoles

Ecomorphology is the association between an organism's morphology and its ecology. Larval anuran amphibians (tadpoles) are classified into distinct ecomorphological guilds based upon morphological features and observations of their ecology. The extent to which guilds comprise distinct morphologies resulting from convergent evolution, the degree of morphological variability within each guild, and the degree of continuity in shape between guilds has not previously been examined in a phylogenetically informed statistical framework. Here, we examine tadpole ecomorphological guilds at a macroevolutionary scale by examining morphological diversity across the Australian continent. We use ecological data to classify species to guilds, and geometric morphometrics to quantify body shape in the tadpoles of 188 species, 77% of Australian frog diversity. We find that the ecomorphological guilds represented by Australian species are morphologically distinct, but there is substantial morphological variation associated with each guild, and all guilds together form a morphological continuum. However, in a phylogenetic comparative context, there is no significant difference in body shape among guilds. We also relate the morphological diversity of the Australian assemblage of tadpoles to a global sample and demonstrate that ecomorphological diversity of Australian tadpoles is limited with respect to worldwide species. Our results demonstrate that general patterns of ecomorphological variation are upheld in Australian tadpoles, but tadpole body shape is more variable and possibly generalist than generally appreciated.Funding came from the Australian Research Council DP150102403 to JSK. ES was supported by The University of Adelaide Research Fellowshi