Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

With a growing number of prospective cohort studies, an updated dose-response meta-analysis of milk and dairy products with all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been conducted. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched for articles published up to September 2016. Random-effect meta-analyses with summarised dose-response data were performed for total (high-fat/low-fat) dairy, milk, fermented dairy, cheese and yogurt. Non-linear associations were investigated using the spine models and heterogeneity by subgroup analyses. A total of 29 cohort studies were available for meta-analysis, with 938,465 participants and 93,158 mortality, 28,419 CHD and 25,416 CVD cases. No associations were found for total (high-fat/low-fat) dairy, and milk with the health outcomes of mortality, CHD or CVD. Inverse associations were found between total fermented dairy (included sour milk products, cheese or yogurt; per 20 g/day) with mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99; I2 = 94.4%) and CVD risk (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99; I2 = 87.5%). Further analyses of individual fermented dairy of cheese and yogurt showed cheese to have a 2% lower risk of CVD (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.00; I2 = 82.6%) per 10 g/day, but not yogurt. All of these marginally inverse associations of totally fermented dairy and cheese were attenuated in sensitivity analyses by removing one large Swedish study. This meta-analysis combining data from 29 prospective cohort studies demonstrated neutral associations between dairy products and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. For future studies it is important to investigate in more detail how dairy products can be replaced by other foods

Colonization of nursing professionals by Staphylococcus aureus La colonización de los profesionales de enfermería por Staphylococcus aureus A colonização dos profissionais de enfermagem por Staphylococcus aureus

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the saliva of the nursing team of a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo State. Three saliva samples were collected from 351 individuals with an interval of two months between each collection. All ethical aspects were considered. In 867 (82.3%) cultures there was no identification of Staphylococcus aureus in the saliva, in 88 (17.7%) cultures Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, 26 (2.5%) of which were resistant to methicillin. The prevalence of professionals colonized by Staphylococcus aureus was 41.0% (144/351), of which 7.1% (25/351) were characterized as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Transient carriers represented 81.2% and persistent carriers 18.8%. Resistance to mupirocin was 73.1% of MRSA and 9.3% of MSSA. The results demonstrate that it is the nurse and nursing technician that are the professional categories most susceptible to MRSA. Broader discussion on the thematic and interventions are needed.<br>Se trata de un estudio transversal que tuvo como objetivo investigar la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus en la saliva del equipo de enfermería de un hospital escuela del interior del estado de Sao Paulo. Fueron recolectadas tres muestras de saliva de 351 individuos con intervalo de dos meses. Todos los aspectos éticos fueron contemplados. En 867 (82,3%) culturas no hubo identificación de Staphylococcus aureus en la saliva, en 88 (17,7%) culturas fue aislado Staphylococcus aureus, siendo 26 (2,5%) resistentes a la meticilina. La prevalencia de profesionales colonizados por Staphylococcus aureus fue de 41,0% (144/351), de los cuales 7,1% (25/351) fueron caracterizados como Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina. Los portadores transitorios representaron 81,2% y los persistentes 18,8%. La resistencia a la mupirocina fue de 73,1% entre los resistentes a la meticilina y 9,3% en los sensibles a la meticilina. Los resultados evidenciaron que son las enfermeras y los técnicos de enfermería las categorías profesionales más susceptibles al MRSA. Es necesario realizar una discusión más amplia sobre la temática e las intervenciones.<br>Este é um estudo transversal e teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Staphylococcus aureus na saliva da equipe de enfermagem de um hospital escola, do interior paulista. Foram coletadas três amostras da saliva de 351 indivíduos, com intervalo de dois meses. Todos os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Em 867 (82,3%) culturas não houve identificação de Staphylococcus aureus na saliva, em 88 (17,7%) culturas foi isolado Staphylococcus aureus, sendo 26 (2,5%) resistentes à meticilina. A prevalência de profissionais colonizados por Staphylococcus aureus foi de 41,0% (144/351), dos quais 7,1% (25/351) foram caracterizados como Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina. Os carreadores transitórios representaram 81,2% e os persistentes 18,8%. A resistência à mupirocina foi de 73,1% entre os resistentes à meticilina e 9,3% nos sensíveis à meticilina. Os resultados evidenciaram que enfermeiras e os técnicos de enfermagem representam as categorias profissionais mais suscetíveis ao MRSA. Discussão mais ampla sobre a temática e intervenções se fazem necessárias

Lifestyle INtervention for Diabetes prevention After pregnancy (LINDA-Brasil): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a hyperglycemic state detected during pregnancy, is an established risk factor for diabetes. However, treatment during pregnancy in and of itself is not able to eliminate this risk, and a considerable fraction of women with GDM will develop frank diabetes in the decade following pregnancy. Our aim is to conduct a multicenter randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention program implemented after a pregnancy complicated by GDM in delaying or preventing the development of type 2 diabetes. Methods: Women aged 18 or older identified as having recent GDM are recruited and followed by telephone to assess eligibility for the trial. To be eligible, women must have used insulin during pregnancy or present intermediate hyperglycemia postpartum. Women are encouraged to enter the trial as early as 10 weeks, and are permitted to do so up to 2 years after a pregnancy with GDM. An estimated 740 women will be randomized to either conventional care or to coach-based interventions focused on breastfeeding, weight loss, healthy eating, and increased physical activity, and predominantly delivered by telephone. Women are followed annually to detect new onset diabetes, the primary outcome, and additional secondary outcomes which include reversion to normoglycemia, weight loss, physical activity and fitness, and insulin resistance. Discussion: Though previous studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented, no study has yet demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of similar interventions implemented in the postpartum period for women with recent GDM. If shown to be successful, this approach could become an important means of preventing diabetes in primary care settings

Morphological and genetic evidence for two Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) in the South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis

Rosa de Oliveira L, Hoffman J, Hingst-Zaher E, et al. Morphological and genetic evidence for two Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) in the South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis. Conservation Genetics. 2008;9(6):1451-1466