A potassium crown ether complex with dichloroaurate(I)

This is the published version, also available here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536803000813.The title compound, (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxa­cyclo­octane)­potassium di­chloro­aurate(I), [K(C12H24O6)][AuCl2], consists of potassium ion encapsulated by the 18-membered crown ether 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxa­cyclo­octane and a linear di­chloro­aurate(I) monoanion. The potassium occupies a crystallographic center of symmetry with a ring coordination number of six, and two chlorides in axial sites at a distance of 3.2306 (5) Å. The linear anionic species sits on another crystallographic center of symmetry

Prevalence of multimorbidity with frailty and associations with socioeconomic position in an adult population : findings from the cross-sectional HUNT Study in Norway

ObjectivesTo explore prevalences and occupational group inequalities of two measures of multimorbidity with frailty.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe Nord-TrOndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, a total county population health survey, 2006-2008.ParticipantsParticipants older than 25 years, with complete questionnaires, measurements and occupation data were included.Outcomes >= 2 of 51 multimorbid conditions with >= 1 of 4 frailty measures (poor health, mental illness, physical impairment or social impairment) and >= 3 of 51 multimorbid conditions with >= 2 of 4 frailty measures.AnalysisLogistic regression models with age and occupational group were specified for each sex separately.ResultsOf 41 193 adults, 38 027 (55% female; 25-100 years old) were included. Of them, 39% had >= 2 multimorbid conditions with >= 1 frailty measure, and 17% had >= 3 multimorbid conditions with >= 2 frailty measures. Prevalence differences in percentage points (pp) with 95% confidence intervals of those in high versus low occupational group with >= 2 multimorbid conditions and >= 1 frailty measure were largest in women age 30 years, 17 (14 to 20) pp and 55 years, 15 (13 to 17) pp and in men age 55 years, 15 (13 to 17) pp and 80 years, 14 (9 to 18) pp. In those with >= 3 multimorbid conditions and >= 2 frailty measures, prevalence differences were largest in women age 30 years, 8 (6 to 10) pp and 55 years, 10 (8 to 11) ppand in men age 55 years, 9 (8 to 11) pp and 80 years, 6 (95% CI 1 to 10) pp.ConclusionMultimorbidity with frailty is common, and social inequalities persist until age 80 years in women and throughout the lifespan in men. To manage complex multimorbidity, strategies for proportionate universalism in medical education, healthcare, public health prevention and promotion seem necessary

Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015

The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Development Conference convened in Carlsbad, California in February 2015 with a panel of 17 international experts. The delegates represented 4 countries and 9 medical and scientific sub-specialties pertaining to athletic training, exercise physiology, sports medicine, water/sodium metabolism, and body fluid homeostasis. The primary goal of the panel was to review the existing data on EAH and update the 2008 Consensus Statement.1 This document serves to replace the second International EAH Consensus Development Conference Statement and launch an educational campaign designed to address the morbidity and mortality associated with a preventable and treatable fluid imbalance. The following statement is a summary of the data synthesized by the 2015 EAH Consensus Panel and represents an evolution of the most current knowledge on EAH. This document will summarize the most current information on the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EAH for medical personnel, athletes, athletic trainers, and the greater public. The EAH Consensus Panel strove to clearly articulate what we agreed upon, did not agree upon, and did not know, including minority viewpoints that were supported by clinical experience and experimental data. Further updates will be necessary to both: (1) remain current with our understanding and (2) critically assess the effectiveness of our present recommendations. Suggestions for future research and educational strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of EAH are provided at the end of the document as well as areas of controversy that remain in this topic. [excerpt

Dietary micronutrient composition affects fillet texture and muscle cell size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

During the past 20 years, plant ingredients have taken over as the main constituents in feed for Atlantic salmon. This has changed the nutrient composition of the feeds, the bioavailability of nutrients and perhaps nutrient metabolism. Plant‐based diets also contain more anti‐nutrients. The EU‐funded project ARRAINA re‐evaluated recommendations for micronutrient supplementation to Atlantic salmon feeds, and the present study compared a diet supplemented with micronutrients according to NRC (2011) (control diet, 100% NP (nutrient package)) with a diet supplemented according to the new recommendations (New NP). Tissue concentrations of pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin C, Zn and Se were significantly higher; and Cu was lower in Atlantic salmon fed the diet with the New NP compared to the control fish. The New NP also gave a near significant effect on growth, decreased muscle firmness and increased muscle cell size, and it affected metabolism of nitrogen‐containing metabolites in the muscle. While we cannot be certain which micronutrient(s) gave these effects, the B vitamins are probable candidates, since they are mediators of intermediary metabolism and have been shown to influence some of the affected metabolites

Validation of optimal levels of micronutrients in feed for Atlantic salmon

12.11.20 Feil filnavn. ellers klar for publisering. klb Source at http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2565091ASSESSFEED er et prosjekt utgått fra EU-prosjektet ARRAINA, med målsetning å validere nye anbefalinger for tilsetning av mikronæringsstoffer, særlig vannløselige vitaminer, i laksefôr. Det ble kjørt et fôingsforsøk der kontrollfôret (100 % NP) ble tilsatt mikronæringsstoffer iht. anbefalinger gitt i NRC (2011), som i stor grad bygger på forsøk med yngel av regnbueørret fra 1980-90-tallet. Forsøksfôret (Ny NP) bygget på resultatene fra ARRAINA. Det var også et kommersielt kontrollfôr (Biomar). Det var ingen signifikant effekt på vekst, men en tendens til større biomassevekst i fisk gitt Ny NP. Opptak av vitaminer og mineraler i fisken fulgte stort sett samme mønster i ASSESSFEED som i ARRAINA, noe som styrker konklusjonene når det gjelder behov fra ARRAINA. Muskelen i fisken som fikk ny NP var bløtere og hadde større celler enn i fisken som fikk 100 % NP. Denne effekten på filetkvalitet ble tolket som økt muskelcelle hypertrofi og falt sammen med endringer i muskelens innhold av noen frie aminosyrer og nitrogen-metabolitter. Noen av disse endringene er kjent som tegn på B-vitaminmangel hos mammalier.ASSESSFEED is a project with basis in the EU-funded project ARRAINA, where the aim was to validate new recommendations for supplementation of diets for Atlantic salmon with micronutrients, especially water-soluble vitamins. A feeding trial was conducted, where the control feed (100% NP) contained micronutrients according to NRC (2011) which is largely based on trials with rainbow trout from the 1980-90ies. The experimental diet (Ny NP) was based on the results from ARRAINA. A commercial control diet was also included (Biomar). There was no significant effect on growth, but a tendency of increased biomass growth with the new NP. Uptake of vitamins and minerals in the fish largely followed the results from ARRAINA, strengthening the ARRAINA requirement estimations. The muscle in fish given Ny NP was softer and had larger cells than the muscle of fish given 100% NP. The effect on fillet quality was interpreted as increased muscle cell hyprtrophy and coincided with changes in concentrations of some free amino acids and nitrogen metabolites. Some of these changes are known as indicators of vitamin B-deficiency in mammals

Validation of optimal levels of micronutrients in feed for Atlantic salmon

ASSESSFEED er et prosjekt utgått fra EU-prosjektet ARRAINA, med målsetning å validere nye anbefalinger for tilsetning av mikronæringsstoffer, særlig vannløselige vitaminer, i laksefôr. Det ble kjørt et fôingsforsøk der kontrollfôret (100 % NP) ble tilsatt mikronæringsstoffer iht. anbefalinger gitt i NRC (2011), som i stor grad bygger på forsøk med yngel av regnbueørret fra 1980-90-tallet. Forsøksfôret (Ny NP) bygget på resultatene fra ARRAINA. Det var også et kommersielt kontrollfôr (Biomar). Det var ingen signifikant effekt på vekst, men en tendens til større biomassevekst i fisk gitt Ny NP. Opptak av vitaminer og mineraler i fisken fulgte stort sett samme mønster i ASSESSFEED som i ARRAINA, noe som styrker konklusjonene når det gjelder behov fra ARRAINA. Muskelen i fisken som fikk ny NP var bløtere og hadde større celler enn i fisken som fikk 100 % NP. Denne effekten på filetkvalitet ble tolket som økt muskelcelle hypertrofi og falt sammen med endringer i muskelens innhold av noen frie aminosyrer og nitrogen-metabolitter. Noen av disse endringene er kjent som tegn på B-vitaminmangel hos mammalier.publishedVersio

Higher dietary micronutrients are required to maintain optimal performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a high plant material diet during the full production cycle

A full life cycle (parr to harvest) study of growth and performance was conducted in Atlantic salmon fed diets high in plant ingredients supplemented with graded levels of a nutrient premix (NP), containing selected amino acids, taurine, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals to re-evaluate current nutrient recommendations. Triplicate groups were fed one of three NP levels included at 1×, 2× and 4×, where 1× corresponds to recommendations of NRC (2011). Whole body and specific tissue concentrations of nutrients were monitored throughout the experiment as requirement markers. Growth in parr was significantly enhanced in 2xNP, but restricted in 4xNP, while in post-smolts growth was positively correlated with NP level. Spinal deformity decreased linearly with increased NP level in both smolt and post-smolts. When fishmeal and fish oil are present at very low levels, as in the present study, we found beneficial effects with moderate increased levels of the B-vitamins niacin, riboflavin and cobalamin. Further, vitamin C should be increased, based on metabolic responses, although it did not influence growth. Increased Zn and Se affected fish metabolism in a positive manner. Alterations in hepatic transcriptome profiles and expression of specific genes of metabolic pathways were evident in response to micronutrient supplementation level. Collectively, increasing the levels of the micro-nutrient package to a too high level, showed a negative effect and cannot be recommended. NRC (2011) recommendations should therefore be revised for diets in which plant ingredients form the major part of the formulation

Detrimental Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Relation to Asthma Severity

Background: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has adverse effects on the health of asthmatics, however the harmful consequences of ETS in relation to asthma severity are unknown. Methods: In a multicenter study of severe asthma, we assessed the impact of ETS exposure on morbidity, health care utilization and lung functions; and activity of systemic superoxide dismutase (SOD), a potential oxidative target of ETS that is negatively associated with asthma severity. Findings: From 2002-2006, 654 asthmatics (non-severe 366, severe 288) were enrolled, among whom 109 non-severe and 67 severe asthmatics were routinely exposed to ETS as ascertained by history and validated by urine cotinine levels. ETS-exposure was associated with lower quality of life scores; greater rescue inhaler use; lower lung function; greater bronchodilator responsiveness; and greater risk for emergency room visits, hospitalization and intensive care unit admission. ETS-exposure was associated with lower levels of serum SOD activity, particularly in asthmatic women of African heritage. Interpretation: ETS-exposure of asthmatic individuals is associated with worse lung function, higher acuity of exacerbations, more health care utilization, and greater bronchial hyperreactivity. The association of diminished systemic SOD activity to ETS exposure provides for the first time a specific oxidant mechanism by which ETS may adversely affect patients with asthma. © 2011 Comhair et al