Backscattering-Induced Crossover in Deterministic Diffusion

4 pages, LaTeX with REVTeX, and 2 Postscript figures4 pages, LaTeX with REVTeX, and 2 Postscript figuresWe study diffusion in a one-dimensional periodic array of scatterers modeled by a simple map. The chaotic scattering process for this map can be changed by a control parameter and exhibits the dynamics of a crisis in chaotic scattering. We show that the strong backscattering associated with the crisis mechanism induces a crossover which leads to different asymptotic laws for the parameter-dependent diffusion coefficient. These laws are obtained from exact diffusion coefficient results and are supported by simple random walk models. We argue that the main physical feature of the crossover should be present in many other dynamical systems with non-equilibrium transport

Avaliação da instabilidade genômica e prevenção de câncer

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at verifying the damage index acquired from the environment and from an inherited condition in the leukocytes of workers occupationally exposed to Xradiation and antineoplastic drugs, patients with Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CB-MN) and single-cell-gel electrophoresis (SCGE) were employed in 22 workers potentially exposed to X-radiation and 22 controls matched for age, sex, and smoking habits from a hospital in southern Brazil. The same evaluation was employed in 12 individuals who had been occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs and in 14 patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), 30 with Down syndrome (DS), and 30 controls,in order to examine the sensitivity of the techniques to detect specific genome instability. RESULTS: Both CB-MN and SCGE showed increased genetic damage in the cells of exposed individuals. In individuals handling antineoplastic drugs, no statistically difference was found when using CB-MN; however, the mean value of SCGE was significantly higher in exposed individuals when compared to controls. Down syndrome presented an increase just in the SCGE technique; the frequency of micronuclei and dicentric bridges was similar to that found in controls. Both CB-MN and SCGE showed increased genetic damage in the cells of individuals with Fanconi anemia. The high frequency of micronuclei seems to be due to clastogenic events, since the frequency of dicentric bridges was also elevated. DISCUSSION: Both methods are efficient for monitoring mutagenic events in exposed populations or individuals presenting genetic instability. CB-MN represents a longer time of exposure, while SCGE detects momentary DNA damage and/or repair activity. The combination of both techniques is recommended to monitor chronically exposed populations. Changes in lifestyle may constitute an important way of preventing carcinogenesis, either in individuals presenting increased risk and in the general population.OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de mutagênese em indivíduos normais não expostos, em trabalhadores expostos à radiação ionizante e drogas antineoplásicas e em indivíduos portadores de doenças genéticas, comparando os níveis de mutagênese herdada com aqueles adquiridos por exposição a mutágenos. MÉTODOS: A técnica de micronúcleo em linfócitos do sangue periférico e a técnica do cometa ou eletroforese em célula única foram empregados em 22 trabalhadores potencialmente expostos à radiação X, 12 potencialmente expostos a drogas antineoplásicas, 34 controles adultos, 14 pacientes com anemia de Fanconi (AF), 30 com síndrome de Down (SD) e 30 controles infantis, do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: As duas técnicas mostraram um aumento no dano genético em células de indivíduos expostos a radiação-X. Nos indivíduos que manuseiam drogas antineoplásicas, não foi encontrada diferença significativa com a técnica de micronúcleo; no entanto, o índice de dano avaliado pela técnica do cometa foi significativamente maior em indivíduos expostos em relação a controles. Pacientes com síndrome de Down apresentaram um aumento no índice medido pela técnica do cometa; a freqüência de micronúcleos e pontes dicêntricas foi semelhante ao valor encontrado em controles. Tanto a técnica de micronúcleo como a técnica do cometa mostraram aumento de dano genético nas células de indivíduos com anemia Fanconi. A alta freqüência de micronúcleos parece ser devida a eventos clastogênicos, uma vez que a freqüência de pontes dicêntricas também se encontrava elevada. DISCUSSÃO: As duas técnicas são eficientes na monitoração de eventos mutagênicos em populações expostas ou em indivíduos que apresentam instabilidade genética. A técnica de micronúcleo representa um tempo maior de exposição, enquanto que a técnica do cometa detecta dano momentâneo ao DNA e/ou atividade de reparo. A combinação das duas técnicas é recomendada para monitorar populações cronicamente expostas. Mudanças no estilo de vida podem constituir uma forma importante de prevenir carcinogênese, tanto em indivíduos que apresentam risco aumentado como na população em geral

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of soft matter systems

This article concerns numerical simulations of the dynamics of particles immersed in a continuum solvent. As prototypical systems, we consider colloidal dispersions of spherical particles and solutions of uncharged polymers. After a brief explanation of the concept of hydrodynamic interactions, we give a general overview over the various simulation methods that have been developed to cope with the resulting computational problems. We then focus on the approach we have developed, which couples a system of particles to a lattice Boltzmann model representing the solvent degrees of freedom. The standard D3Q19 lattice Boltzmann model is derived and explained in depth, followed by a detailed discussion of complementary methods for the coupling of solvent and solute. Colloidal dispersions are best described in terms of extended particles with appropriate boundary conditions at the surfaces, while particles with internal degrees of freedom are easier to simulate as an arrangement of mass points with frictional coupling to the solvent. In both cases, particular care has been taken to simulate thermal fluctuations in a consistent way. The usefulness of this methodology is illustrated by studies from our own research, where the dynamics of colloidal and polymeric systems has been investigated in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations.Comment: Review article, submitted to Advances in Polymer Science. 16 figures, 76 page

Antigen-Specific B Memory Cell Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Antigens and Schistosoma haematobium Antigens in Co-Infected Malian Children

Polyparasitism is common in the developing world. We have previously demonstrated that schistosomiasis-positive (SP) Malian children have age-dependent protection from malaria compared to matched schistosomiasis-negative (SN) children. Evidence of durable immunologic memory to malaria antigens is conflicting, particularly in young children and the effect of concomitant schistomiasis upon acquisition of memory is unknown. We examined antigen-specific B memory cell (MBC) frequencies (expressed as percentage of total number of IgG-secreting cells) in 84 Malian children aged 4–14 to malaria blood-stage antigens, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) and to schistosomal antigens, Soluble Worm Antigenic Preparation (SWAP) and Schistosoma Egg Antigen (SEA), at a time point during the malaria transmission season and a follow-up dry season visit. We demonstrate, for the first time, MBC responses to S. haematobium antigens in Malian children with urinary egg excretion and provide evidence of seasonal acquisition of immunologic memory, age-associated differences in MBC acquisition, and correlation with circulating S. haematobium antibody. Moreover, the presence of a parasitic co-infection resulted in older children, aged 9–14 years, with underlying S. haematobium infection having significantly more MBC response to malaria antigens (AMA1 and MSP1) than their age-matched SN counterparts. We conclude that detectable MBC response can be measured against both malaria and schistosomal antigens and that the presence of S. haematobium may be associated with enhanced MBC induction in an age-specific manner

Found in translation: Integrating laboratory and clinical oncology research

Translational research in medicine aims to inform the clinic and the laboratory with the results of each other’s work, and to bring promising and validated new therapies into clinical application. While laudable in intent, this is complicated in practice and the current state of translational research in cancer shows both striking success stories and examples of the numerous potential obstacles as well as opportunities for delays and errors in translation. This paper reviews the premises, promises, and problems of translational research with a focus on radiation oncology and suggests opportunities for improvements in future research design

Suppression of circulating IgD+CD27+ memory B cells in infants living in a malaria-endemic region of Kenya

Background: Plasmodium falciparum infection leads to alterations in B cell subset distribution. During infancy, development of peripheral B cell subsets is also occurring. However, it is unknown if infants living a malaria endemic region have alterations in B cell subsets that is independent of an age effect. Methods: To evaluate the impact of exposure to P. falciparum on B cell development in infants, flow cytometry was used to analyse the distribution and phenotypic characteristic of B cell subsets in infant cohorts prospectively followed at 12, 18 and 24 months from two geographically proximate regions in western Kenya with divergent malaria exposure i.e. Kisumu (malaria-endemic, n = 24) and Nandi (unstable malaria transmission, n = 21). Results: There was significantly higher frequency and absolute cell numbers of CD19+ B cells in Kisumu relative to Nandi at 12(p = 0.0440), 18(p = 0.0210) and 24 months (p = 0.0493). No differences were observed between the infants from the two sites in frequencies of naïve B cells (IgD+CD27-) or classical memory B cells (IgD-CD27+). However, immature transitional B cells (CD19+CD10+CD34-) were higher in Kisumu relative to Nandi at all three ages. In contrast, the levels of non-class switched memory B cells (CD19+IgD+CD27+) were significantly lower overall in Kisumu relative to Nandi at significantly at 12 (p = 0.0144), 18 (p = 0.0013) and 24 months (p = 0.0129). Conclusions: These data suggest that infants living in malaria endemic regions have altered B cell subset distribution. Further studies are needed to understand the functional significance of these changes and long-term impact on ability of these infants to develop antibody responses to P. falciparum and heterologous infections

A Mouse Model of Pulmonary Metastasis from Spontaneous Osteosarcoma Monitored In Vivo by Luciferase Imaging

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OSA) is lethal when metastatic after chemotherapy and/or surgical treatment. Thus animal models are necessary to study the OSA metastatic spread and to validate novel therapies able to control the systemic disease. We report the development of a syngeneic (Balb/c) murine OSA model, using a cell line derived from a spontaneous murine tumor. METHODOLOGY: The tumorigenic and metastatic ability of OSA cell lines were assayed after orthotopic injection in mice distal femur. Expression profiling was carried out to characterize the parental and metastatic cell lines. Cells from metastases were propagated and engineered to express Luciferase, in order to follow metastases in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Luciferase bioluminescence allowed to monitor the primary tumor growth and revealed the appearance of spontaneous pulmonary metastases. In vivo assays showed that metastasis is a stable property of metastatic OSA cell lines after both propagation in culture and luciferase trasduction. When compared to parental cell line, both unmodified and genetically marked metastatic cells, showed comparable and stable differential expression of the enpp4, pfn2 and prkcd genes, already associated to the metastatic phenotype in human cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This OSA animal model faithfully recapitulates some of the most important features of the human malignancy, such as lung metastatization. Moreover, the non-invasive imaging allows monitoring the tumor progression in living mice. A great asset of this model is the metastatic phenotype, which is a stable property, not modifiable after genetic manipulation

The Breadth, but Not the Magnitude, of Circulating Memory B Cell Responses to P. falciparum Increases with Age/Exposure in an Area of Low Transmission

BACKGROUND: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum remains a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Immunity against symptoms of malaria requires repeated exposure, suggesting either that the parasite is poorly immunogenic or that the development of effective immune responses to malaria may be impaired. METHODS: We carried out two age-stratified cross-sectional surveys of anti-malarial humoral immune responses in a Gambian village where P. falciparum malaria transmission is low and sporadic. Circulating antibodies and memory B cells (MBC) to four malarial antigens were measured using ELISA and cultured B cell ELISpot. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of individuals with malaria-specific MBC and antibodies, and the average number of antigens recognised by each individual, increased with age but the magnitude of these responses did not. Malaria-specific antibody levels did not correlate with either the prevalence or median number of MBC, indicating that these two assays are measuring different aspects of the humoral immune response. Among those with immunological evidence of malaria exposure (defined as a positive response to at least one malarial antigen either by ELISA or ELISPOT), the median number of malaria-specific MBC was similar to median numbers of diphtheria-specific MBC, suggesting that the circulating memory cell pool for malaria antigens is of similar size to that for other antigens

Variation in MSRA Modifies Risk of Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction in Cystic Fibrosis

Meconium ileus (MI), a life-threatening intestinal obstruction due to meconium with abnormal protein content, occurs in approximately 15 percent of neonates with cystic fibrosis (CF). Analysis of twins with CF demonstrates that MI is a highly heritable trait, indicating that genetic modifiers are largely responsible for this complication. Here, we performed regional family-based association analysis of a locus that had previously been linked to MI and found that SNP haplotypes 5′ to and within the MSRA gene were associated with MI (P = 1.99×10−5 to 1.08×10−6; Bonferroni P = 0.057 to 3.1×10−3). The haplotype with the lowest P value showed association with MI in an independent sample of 1,335 unrelated CF patients (OR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.53–0.98], P = 0.04). Intestinal obstruction at the time of weaning was decreased in CF mice with Msra null alleles compared to those with wild-type Msra resulting in significant improvement in survival (P = 1.2×10−4). Similar levels of goblet cell hyperplasia were observed in the ilea of the Cftr−/− and Cftr−/−Msra−/− mice. Modulation of MSRA, an antioxidant shown to preserve the activity of enzymes, may influence proteolysis in the developing intestine of the CF fetus, thereby altering the incidence of obstruction in the newborn period. Identification of MSRA as a modifier of MI provides new insight into the biologic mechanism of neonatal intestinal obstruction caused by loss of CFTR function