552 research outputs found

    Post hoc immunostaining of GABAergic neuronal subtypes following in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mouse neocortex

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    GABAergic neurons in the neocortex are diverse with regard to morphology, physiology, and axonal targeting pattern, indicating functional specializations within the cortical microcircuitry. Little information is available, however, about functional properties of distinct subtypes of GABAergic neurons in the intact brain. Here, we combined in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in supragranular layers of the mouse neocortex with post hoc immunohistochemistry against the three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin in order to assign subtype marker profiles to neuronal activity. Following coronal sectioning of fixed brains, we matched cells in corresponding volumes of image stacks acquired in vivo and in fixed brain slices. In GAD67-GFP mice, more than 95% of the GABAergic cells could be unambiguously matched, even in large volumes comprising more than a thousand interneurons. Triple immunostaining revealed a depth-dependent distribution of interneuron subtypes with increasing abundance of PV-positive neurons with depth. Most importantly, the triple-labeling approach was compatible with previous in vivo calcium imaging following bulk loading of Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1, which allowed us to classify spontaneous calcium transients recorded in vivo according to the neurochemically defined GABAergic subtypes. Moreover, we demonstrate that post hoc immunostaining can also be applied to wild-type mice expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.60 in cortical neurons. Our approach is a general and flexible method to distinguish GABAergic subtypes in cell populations previously imaged in the living animal. It should thus facilitate dissecting the functional roles of these subtypes in neural circuitr

    A Vision for Flexibile GLSP-based Web Modeling Tools

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    In the past decade, the modeling community has produced many feature-rich modeling editors and tool prototypes not only for modeling standards but particularly also for many domain-specific languages. More recently, however, web-based modeling tools have started to become increasingly popular for visualizing and editing models adhering to such languages in the industry. This new generation of modeling tools is built with web technologies and offers much more flexibility when it comes to their user experience, accessibility, reuse, and deployment options. One of the technologies behind this new generation of tools is the Graphical Language Server Platform (GLSP), an open-source client-server framework hosted under the Eclipse foundation, which allows tool providers to build modern diagram editors for modeling tools that run in the browser or can be easily integrated into IDEs such as Eclipse, VS Code, or Eclipse Theia. In this paper, we describe our vision of more flexible modeling tools which is based on our experiences from developing several GLSP-based modeling tools. With that, we aim at sparking a new line of research and innovation in the modeling community for modeling tool development practices and to explore opportunities, advantages, or limitations of web-based modeling tools, as well as bridge the gap between scientific tool prototypes and industrial tools being used in practice.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

    Two-photon microscopy with double-circle trajectories for in vivo cerebral blood flow measurements

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    Scanning microscopes normally use trajectories which produce full-frame images of an object at a low frame rate. Time-resolved measurements are possible if scans along a single line are repeated at a high rate. In conjunction with fluorescence labeling techniques, in vivo recording of blood flow in single capillaries is possible. The present work investigates scanning with double-circle trajectories to measure blood flow simultaneously in several vessels of a capillary network. With the trajectory centered near a bifurcation, a double circle crosses each vessel twice, creating a sensing gate for passing dark red blood cells in fluorescently labeled plasma. From the stack of scans repeated at 1,300Hz, the time-resolved velocity is retrieved using an image correlation approach. Single bifurcation events can be identified from a few fluorescently labeled red blood cells. The applicability of the method for in vivo measurements is illustrated on the basis of two-photon laser scanning microscopy of the cerebral capillary network of mice. Its performance is assessed with synthetic data generated from a two-phase model for the perfusion in a capillary network. The calculation of velocities is found to be sufficiently robust for a wide range of conditions. The achievable limits depend significantly on the experimental conditions and are estimated to be in the 1μm/s (velocity) and 0.1s (time resolution) ranges, respectively. Some manual fine-tuning is required for optimal performance in terms of accuracy and time resolution. Further work may lead to improved reliability with which bifurcation events are identified in the algorithm and to include red blood cell flux and hematocrit measurements. With the capability for time-resolved measurements in all vessels of a bifurcation, double-circle scanning trajectories allow a detailed study of the dynamics in vascular network

    Sprzeciw sumienia w zawodzie farmaceuty. Badanie opinii farmaceutów na temat klauzuli sumienia

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    Summary The conscience clause was introduced into the area of ​​legal international regulations in connection with the resolution of the Council of Europe no. 1763 of October 7, 2010. According to the document, there is a consent to withdraw from the performance of a specific medical service due to moral objections (religious or ideological) reported by representatives health care. In the provisions of Polish medical law, invoking the conscience clause is allowed, but only for doctors, nurses and midwives. Pharmacists are deprived of this possibility. However, the performance of certain professional activities raises ethical concerns among pharmacists. The authors of the article decided to examine the opinion of pharmacists both on the conscience clause and on specific legal regulations that, according to the respondents, should be subject to legislative changes. The aim of the work is to present the results of the research carried out in 2020 in the Wielkopolska Regional Chamber of Pharmaceuticals in Poznan. Keywords: freedom of conscience and religion, conscience clause, pharmacy, contraception, Poland Streszczenie   Klauzula sumienia została wprowadzona do obszaru prawnych regulacji międzynarodowych w związku z uchwałą Rady Europy o nr 1763 z dnia 7 października 2010 r. Zgodnie z treścią dokumentu istnieje przyzwolenie odstąpienia od wykonania określonego świadczenia medycznego ze względu na zastrzeżenia moralne (religijne lub światopoglądowe) zgłaszane przez przedstawicieli opieki zdrowotnej.  W przepisach polskiego prawa medycznego powołanie się na zasadę klauzuli sumienia jest dozwolone, ale wyłącznie dla lekarzy, pielęgniarek i położnych. Farmaceuci są pozbawieni tej możliwości. Jednak wykonywanie niektórych czynności zawodowych budzi zastrzeżenia etyczne wśród farmaceutów. Autorzy artykułu postanowili zbadać opinię farmaceutów zarówno na temat klauzuli sumienia oraz określonych regulacji prawnych, które zdaniem respondentów powinny podlegać zmianom legislacyjnym.  Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie wyników z przeprowadzonych badań, które zostały zrealizowane w 2020 r. na terenie Wielkopolskiej Okręgowej Izby Farmaceutycznej w Poznaniu.   Słowa kluczowe: wolność sumienia i wyznania, klauzula sumienia, farmacja, antykoncepcja, Polsk

    SKA Deep Polarization and Cosmic Magnetism

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    Deep surveys with the SKA1-MID array offer for the first time the opportunity to systematically explore the polarization properties of the microJy source population. Our knowledge of the polarized sky approaching these levels is still very limited. In total intensity the population will be dominated by star-forming and normal galaxies to intermediate redshifts (z12z \sim1-2), and low-luminosity AGN to high redshift. The polarized emission from these objects is a powerful probe of their intrinsic magnetic fields and of their magnetic environments. For redshift of order 1 and above the broad bandwidth of the mid-bands span the Faraday thick and thin regimes allowing study of the intrinsic polarization properties of these objects as well as depolarization from embedded and foreground plasmas. The deep field polarization images will provide Rotation Measures data with very high solid angle density allowing a sensitive statistical analysis of the angular variation of RM on critical arc-minute scales from a magnetic component of Large Scale Structure of the Universe.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures; to appear as part of 'Cosmic Magnetism' in Proceedings 'Advancing Astrophysics with the SKA (AASKA14)', PoS(AASKA14)11

    Hypertension induced by licorice

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    Anglicismos y vida docente

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    Pertenece a la sección diaria del CVC (Centro Virtual Cervantes).Una de las vías de entrada de anglicismos en nuestra lengua es el mundo universitario y escolar.Peer reviewe

    The antibiotic bead pouch – a useful technique for temporary soft tissue coverage, infection prevention and therapy in trauma surgery

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    Soft tissue defects resulting from trauma and musculoskeletal infections can complicate surgical treatment. Appropriate temporary coverage of these defects is essential to achieve the best outcomes for necessary plastic soft tissue defect reconstruction. The antibiotic bead pouch technique is a reasonable surgical approach for managing temporary soft tissue defects following adequate surgical debridement. This technique involves the use of small diameter antibiotic-loaded bone cement beads to fill the dead space created by debridement. By applying antibiotics to the bone cement and covering the beads with an artificial skin graft, high local dosages of antibiotics can be achieved, resulting in the creation of a sterile wound that offers the best starting position for soft tissue and bone defect reconstruction. This narrative review describes the rationale for using this technique, including its advantages and disadvantages, as well as pearls and pitfalls associated with its use in daily practice. In addition, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the literature that has been published since the technique was introduced in surgical practice

    WKB approximation for inflationary cosmological perturbations

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    A new method for predicting inflationary cosmological perturbations, based on the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation, is presented. A general expression for the WKB scalar and tensor power spectra is derived. The main advantage of the new scheme of approximation is that it is valid even if the slow-roll conditions are violated. The method is applied to power-law inflation, which allows a comparison with an exact result. It is demonstrated that the WKB approximation predicts the spectral indices exactly and the amplitude with an error lower than 10%, even in regimes far from scale-invariance. The new method of approximation is also applied to a situation where the slow-roll conditions hold. It is shown that the result obtained bears close resemblance with the standard slow-roll calculation. Finally, some possible improvements are briefly mentioned.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, RevTeX; minor changes, reference added (v2); typos corrected (v3

    Nitrogen hydrides in the cold envelope of IRAS16293-2422

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    Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe, yet the gas-phase chemistry of N-bearing species remains poorly understood. Nitrogen hydrides are key molecules of nitrogen chemistry. Their abundance ratios place strong constraints on the production pathways and reaction rates of nitrogen-bearing molecules. We observed the class 0 protostar IRAS16293-2422 with the heterodyne instrument HIFI, covering most of the frequency range from 0.48 to 1.78~THz at high spectral resolution. The hyperfine structure of the amidogen radical o-NH2 is resolved and seen in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. Several transitions of ammonia from 1.2 to 1.8~THz are also seen in absorption. These lines trace the low-density envelope of the protostar. Column densities and abundances are estimated for each hydride. We find that NH:NH2:NH3=5:1:300. {Dark clouds chemical models predict steady-state abundances of NH2 and NH3 in reasonable agreement with the present observations, whilst that of NH is underpredicted by more than one order of magnitude, even using updated kinetic rates. Additional modelling of the nitrogen gas-phase chemistry in dark-cloud conditions is necessary before having recourse to heterogen processes
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