41 research outputs found
Bi-stability induced by motion limiting constraints on boring bar tuned mass dampers
This paper investigates the effect of displacement constraints on the attenuation performance
of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) used in boring and turning applications. A simplified piecewise-
smooth mechanical model is investigated through time domain simulations and hybrid periodic
orbit continuation, first under harmonic excitation, then under regenerative cutting load. A
quasi-frequency response function is derived for impacting TMDs through composition of
different families of period-1 orbits, then an acceptability map for turning is formulated
based on the appearance of cutting-edge contact-loss and fly-over events. The bi-stable domain
boundaries are determined through two parameter continuation of contact-loss grazing events.
It is shown that in both cases arising rigid body collisions can significantly hinder TMD damping
performance and lead to resonance problems or machine tool chatter
Optimum selection of variable pitch for chatter suppression in face milling operations
Cutting capacity can be seriously limited in heavy duty face milling processes due to self-excited structural vibrations. Special geometry tools and, specifically, variable pitch milling tools have been extensively used in aeronautic applications with the purpose of removing these detrimental chatter vibrations, where high frequency chatter related to slender tools or thin walls limits productivity. However, the application of this technique in heavy duty face milling operations has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, a method for the definition of the optimum angles between inserts is presented, based on the optimum pitch angle and the stabilizability diagrams. These diagrams are obtained through the brute force (BF) iterative method, which basically consists of an iterative maximization of the stability by using the semidiscretization method. From the observed results, hints for the selection of the optimum pitch pattern and the optimum values of the angles between inserts are presented. A practical application is implemented and the cutting performance when using an optimized variable pitch tool is assessed. It is concluded that with an optimum selection of the pitch, the material removal rate can be improved up to three times. Finally, the existence of two more different stability lobe families related to the saddle-node and flip type stability losses is demonstrated
A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs
Lead concentration in whole blood (BPb) is the primary biomarker used to monitor exposure to this metallic element. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization define a BPb of 10 ÎŒg/dL (0.48 ÎŒmol/L) as the threshold of concern in young children. However, recent studies have reported the possibility of adverse health effects, including intellectual impairment in young children, at BPb levels < 10 ÎŒg/dL, suggesting that there is no safe level of exposure. It appears impossible to differentiate between low-level chronic Pb exposure and a high-level short Pb exposure based on a single BPb measurement; therefore, serial BPb measurements offer a better estimation of possible health outcomes. The difficulty in assessing the exact nature of Pb exposure is dependent not so much on problems with current analytical methodologies, but rather on the complex toxicokinetics of Pb within various body compartments (i.e., cycling of Pb between bone, blood, and soft tissues). If we are to differentiate more effectively between Pb stored in the body for years and Pb from recent exposure, information on other biomarkers of exposure may be needed. None of the current biomarkers of internal Pb dose have yet been accepted by the scientific community as a reliable substitute for a BPb measurement. This review focuses on the limitations of biomarkers of Pb exposure and the need to improve the accuracy of their measurement. We present here only the traditional analytical protocols in current use, and we attempt to assess the influence of confounding variables on BPb levels. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of BPb data with respect to both external and endogenous Pb exposure, past or recent exposure, as well as the significance of Pb determinations in human specimens including hair, nails, saliva, bone, blood (plasma, whole blood), urine, feces, and exfoliated teeth
Multielement analysis of small plant samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) offers excellent possibilities for multielement trace analysis of biological material. In the present study, analytical method was developed for the determination of essential elements in small plant tissue samples. Sample preparation was performed with closed-vessel microwave digestion. Oriental Tobacco Leaves CTA-OTL-1 (ICHTJ, Poland) were used as the standard reference material (SRM) and rhodium was applied in ICP-MS as an internal standard element in the multielement aqueous solutions and sample solutions. For most analytes, recoveries from the SRM were 95% to 105%. The method developed was successfully applied for the trace element study of 30 barley tissue samples (8-30 mg). The detection limits ranged (except for Ca) from 0.02 mu g/g (Cs) to 1.1 mu g/g (K) from leaves and roots. The differences in element concentrations between individual plant samples were large compared to the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the results obtained. Small changes in the element composition, induced by modelling external effects on nutrient uptake by blocking the plants K-channels, were observed by ICP-MS mea (sic)
Calibration and In-Flight Performance of the Mars Odyssey THEMIS Visible Imaging Subsystem (VIS) Instrument
McConnochie et al. THEMIS-VIS Calibration 2 We describe the calibration and performance of the Mars Odyssey spacecraftâs Thermal Emission Imaging System Visible-Imaging Subsystem (THEMIS-VIS), and present comparisons with other instruments in order to validate the results. The main challenge to the THEMIS-VIS calibration process is the significant amount of stray light that accumulates during both integration and readout. The stray light is influenced by scene elements outside of the field of view of the THEMIS-VIS detector, and so its magnitude can only be estimated. As a result, residual stray light artifacts are common in calibrated THEMIS-VIS images, and are especially prominent when the exposure time is short, or the scene contrast is high. Nevertheless, our absolute calibration uncertainty for the central region of the most frequently used THEMIS-VIS channel â the 654 nm band â is better than 5 % for all but the shortest exposures times, and our comparisons with Hubble Space Telescope and Mars Exploration Rover measurements show no evidence of systematic calibration inaccuracies
Cu-Pd bimetal and CuPt alloy nanotubes derived from Cu nanowires:novel amplification media for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Abstract
Surface-plasmons of metals have been utilized to enhance the Raman spectra of various adsorbed moieties for over decades. While amplification of the spectral intensity takes place on most of the metals, due to their superb properties, Au, Ag and Cu surfaces represent the benchmark in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In this paper, we show that Cu-Pd bimetal and CuPt alloy nanotubes derived from Cu nanowires by simple galvanic exchange reactions are suitable for the efficient enhancement of Raman spectra when dispersed on Si surfaces. Amplification factors of 120Ă on Cu nanowires, 150Ă on Cu-Pd bimetal nanotubes and 250Ă on CuPt alloy nanotubes in reference to the substrate are measured for rhodamine 6G and methyl violet model compounds. We also show that the nanotubes dispersed on Au surfaces can contribute to a further intensity enhancement of the substrate and detect analytes adsorbed from 10 â6 M analyte concentrations. Our results obtained using bimetallic and alloy nanomaterials shed light on a new strategy to synthetize and apply new types of metal nanostructures and compositions for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in the future
Size-dependent H2 sensing over supported Pt nanoparticles
Catalyst size affects the overall kinetics and mechanism of almost all heterogeneous chemical reactions. Since the functional sensing materials in resistive chemical sensors are practically the very same nanomaterials as the catalysts in heterogeneous chemistry, a plausible question arises: Is there any effect of the catalyst size on the sensor properties? Our study attempts to give an insight into the problem by analyzing the response and sensitivity of resistive H-2 sensors based on WO3 nanowire supported Pt nanoparticles having size of 1.5 +/- 0.4 nm, 6.2 +/- 0.8 nm, 3.7 +/- 0.5 nm and 8.3 +/- 1.3 nm. The results show that Pt nanoparticles of larger size are more active in H-2 sensing than their smaller counterparts and indicate that the detection mechanism is more complex than just considering the number of surface atoms of the catalyst
Size-dependent Hâ sensing over supported Pt nanoparticles
Abstract
Catalyst size affects the overall kinetics and mechanism of almost all heterogeneous chemical reactions. Since the functional sensing materials in resistive chemical sensors are practically the very same nanomaterials as the catalysts in heterogeneous chemistry, a plausible question arises: Is there any effect of the catalyst size on the sensor properties? Our study attempts to give an insight into the problem by analyzing the response and sensitivity of resistive Hâ sensors based on WOâ nanowire supported Pt nanoparticles having size of 1.5±0.4 nm, 6.2±0.8 nm, 3.7±0.5 nm and 8.3±1.3 nm. The results show that Pt nanoparticles of larger size are more active in Hâ sensing than their smaller counterparts and indicate that the detection mechanism is more complex than just considering the number of surface atoms of the catalyst
Ultrasensitive HâS gas sensors based on p-type WSâ hybrid materials
Abstract
Owing to their higher intrinsic electrical conductivity and chemical stability with respect to their oxide counterparts, nanostructured metal sulfides are expected to revive materials for resistive chemical sensor applications. Herein, we explore the gas sensing behavior of WSâ nanowire-nanoflake hybrid materials and demonstrate their excellent sensitivity (0.043 ppmâ»Âč) as well as high selectivity towards HâS relative to CO, NHâ, Hâ, and NO (with corresponding sensitivities of 0.002, 0.0074, 0.0002, and 0.0046 ppmâ»Âč, respectively). Gas response measurements, complemented with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, suggest that the intrinsic electronic properties of pristine WSâ alone are not sufficient to explain the observed high sensitivity towards HâS. A major role in this behavior is also played by O doping in the S sites of the WSâ lattice. The results of the present study open up new avenues for the use of transition metal disulfide nanomaterials as effective alternatives to metal oxides in future applications for industrial process control, security, and health and environmental safety