Explanatory dimensions and results from socio-demographic and socio-laboral variables in leadership styles

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la influencia de las variables socio-demográficas y socio-laborales en los estilos de liderazgo de diversos líderes ecuatorianos de sectores comunitarios, privados y públicos; así como identificar las dimensiones de los estilos de liderazgo que inciden significativamente en las variables de resultado: eficiencia, eficacia y satisfacción. A partir de la aplicación empírica y de los análisis realizados mediante las técnicas estadísticas Anova y análisis de regresión y correlación los resultados muestran la preeminencia explicativa de variables sociodemográficas (especialmente la edad y el nivel educativo) sobre aquellas propias del contexto socio-laboral en el desarrollo de los estilos de liderazgo, así como la importancia de los componentes propios del liderazgo transformacional en la comprensión de las variables de resultado esperadas en las personas que ejercen roles de liderazgo.The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-demographic and socio-labor variables in the leadership styles of various Ecuadorian leaders from community private and public sectors; besides identify the dimensions of leadership styles that significantly affect the outcome variables: efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction. From the empirical application carried out and the analyzes performed using statistical techniques like Anova and regression analysis and correlation results show the explanatory preeminence of socio demographic variables (especially age and educational level) over the specific socio-labor variables in the development of leadership styles, as well as the importance of the own components of transformational leadership in the comprehension of the expected result outcomes variables in people who exercise leadership roles

Interviews between employees and customers during a company restructuring process

This work is the result of the discursive research carried out at a company involved in a restructuring programme, aimed at implementing a series of changes following the awarding of a new contract for the management of the city’s water supply and sewerage system. This change in management from a public (the City Hall) to a semi-private enterprise resulted in a great deal of confusion among certain sectors of the population. As a result, employees found themselves having to deal with large numbers of complaints on a daily basis without having received any prior communicative training in order to help them resolve these situations. Our empirical data (audio taped data) consists of 16 interviews between company employees and citizens analysed from the methodology based on Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, and Critical Discourse Analysis. Our study focuses on conflicts caused by situations of interactional asymmetry between the discourse of employees and customers, the result of the social inequality that exists in terms of citizens’ access to institutional discourse. An analysis of all the interviews reveals that employees use two different strategies in order to mitigate conflicts. These strategies can be classed as personalising or depersonalising. Our analysis shows that the use of these strategies is not always appropriate, and that their success or failure depends on the type of customers and their discursive resources. The problem is also frequently made worse by the employees’ rather limited communicative repertory and their consequent inability to redress the asymmetrical imbalance associated with this type of discourse and provide an effective approach and response to the various types of customers visiting the company’s offices

Interviews between employees and customers during the process of restructuring a company

This article is the result of discursive research carried out at a company involved in a restructuring programme, aimed at implementing a series of changes following the awarding of a new contract to manage a city’s water supply and sewerage system. This change in management from a public (City Hall) to a semi-private enterprise resulted in a great deal of confusion among certain sectors of the population. As a result, employees found themselves having to deal with large numbers of complaints on a daily basis without having received any prior communicative training in order to help them resolve these situations. Our empirical (audio-taped) data consist of 16 interviews between company employees and citizens analysed using methodology based on Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, and Critical Discourse Analysis. Our study focuses on conflicts caused by situations of interactional asymmetry between the discourse of employees and customers, the result of the social inequality that exists in terms of citizens’ access to institutional discourse. Analysis of all the interviews reveals that employees use two different strategies in order to mitigate conflicts. These strategies can be classed as personalizing or depersonalizing. Our analysis shows that the use of these strategies is not always appropriate, and that their success or failure depends on the types of customers and their discursive resources. The problem is also frequently made worse by the employees’ rather limited communicative repertory and their consequent inability to redress the asymmetrical imbalance associated with this type of discourse and provide an effective approach and response to the various types of customers visiting the company’s offices

Explanatory dimensions and results from socio-demographic and socio-laboral variables in leadership styles

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la influencia de las variables socio-demográficas y sociolaborales en los estilos de liderazgo de diversos líderes ecuatorianos de sectores comunitarios, privados y públicos; así como identificar las dimensiones de los estilos de liderazgo que inciden significativamente en las variables de resultado: eficiencia, eficacia y satisfacción. A partir de la aplicación empírica y de los análisis realizados mediante las técnicas estadísticas Anova y análisis de regresión y correlación los resultados muestran la preeminencia explicativa de variables sociodemográficas (especialmente la edad y el nivel educativo) sobre aquellas propias del contexto socio-laboral en el desarrollo de los estilos de liderazgo, así como la importancia de los componentes propios del liderazgo transformacional en la comprensión de las variables de resultado esperadas en las personas que ejercen roles de liderazgo.The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-demographic and socio-labor variables in the leadership styles of various Ecuadorian leaders from community private and public sectors; besides identify the dimensions of leadership styles that significantly affect the outcome variables: efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction. From the empirical application carried out and the analyzes performed using statistical techniques like Anova and regression analysis and correlation results show the explanatory preeminence of socio demographic variables (especially age and educational level) over the specific socio-labor variables in the development of leadership styles, as well as the importance of the own components of transformational leadership in the comprehension of the expected result outcomes variables in people who exercise leadership roles.Cuencanúmero 2

The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae)

The complex geological history of Central America has been useful for understanding the processes influencing the distribution and diversity of multiple groups of organisms. Anurans are an excellent choice for such studies because they typically exhibit site fidelity and reduced movement. The objective of this work was to identify the impact of recognized geographic barriers on the genetic structure, phylogeographic patterns and divergence times of a wide-ranging amphibian species, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni. We amplified three mitochondrial regions, two coding (COI and ND1) and one ribosomal (16S), in samples collected from the coasts of Veracruz and Guerrero in Mexico to the humid forests of Chocó in Ecuador. We examined the biogeographic history of the species through spatial clustering analyses (Geneland and sPCA), Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions, and spatiotemporal diffusion analysis. Our data suggest a Central American origin of H. fleischmanni and two posterior independent dispersals towards North and South American regions. The first clade comprises individuals from Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and the sister species Hyalinobatrachium tatayoi; this clade shows little structure, despite the presence of the Andes mountain range and the long distances between sampling sites. The second clade consists of individuals from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and eastern Honduras with no apparent structure. The third clade includes individuals from western Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico and displays deep population structure. Herein, we synthesize the impact of known geographic areas that act as barriers to glassfrog dispersal and demonstrated their effect of differentiating H. fleischmanni into three markedly isolated clades. The observed genetic structure is associated with an initial dispersal event from Central America followed by vicariance that likely occurred during the Pliocene. The southern samples are characterized by a very recent population expansion, likely related to sea-level and climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene, whereas the structure of the northern clade has probably been driven by dispersal through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and isolation by the Motagua–Polochic–Jocotán fault system and the Mexican highlands

Effects of Leadership Training from Full Range Theory

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos del entrenamiento del programa de formación "Liderazgo Transformacional Ecuador 2014" en resultados de liderazgo como eficacia, satisfacción, extra esfuerzo desde la teoría de rango completo planteada por Bass (1985). En la fase de levantamiento de información se aplicó el Cuestionario Multifactorial de Liderazgo (MLQ) validado por Bass y Avolio (1991), durante tres momentos del proceso y con ello se consolidó una muestra pareada; a partir de la cual, se generaron análisis de regresión y correlación, que muestran la preeminencia explicativa en todas las dimensiones del estilo de liderazgo transformacional (estimulación intelectual, motivación inspiracional, influencia idealizada atributos, influencia idealizada comportamiento, consideración individual) y dos dimensiones del liderazgo transaccional (recompensa contingente y dirección por excepción activa) que inciden en los resultados de un líder.This article aims to analyze the effects of the training program "Transformational Leadership Ecuador 2014" on leadership results such as effectiveness, satisfaction and extra effort according to full range theory raised by Bass (1985). In the information gathering phase, the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), validated by Bass and Avolio (1991), was applied on three different moments of the training process and a paired sample was created. Then, regression and correlation analysis showed that all dimensions included in the survey have explanatory preeminence in transformational leadership style (intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, influences of idealized influence, influence of idealized behavior, individual consideration) and also in two dimensions of transactional leadership (contingent reward and active management by exception) that affect the results of a leader

Seroprevalencia de Trypanosoma cruzi en niños de Veracruz, México: línea de base epidemiológica para un modelo de control fundamentado en la transmisión activa de la enfermedad de Chagas

Introduction. In 2021 the Ministry of Health of Mexico and the Pan American Health Organization launched an initiative to interrupt intra-domiciliary vector transmission of Chagas Disease (CD), based on knowledge of the prevalence of this disease in children. The Mexican State of Veracruz was the leading of this initiative.Objective. To estimate the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among children under 15 years of age from rural areas of Veracruz, Mexico.Materials and methods. Eight priority localities from the Municipality of Tempoal, Veracruz, were identified for baseline serology. Blood samples were collected on filter paperfrom 817 individuals (June-August 2017) for screening using a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. Reactive cases were confirmed by indirect hemagglutination (HAI), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests with peripheral blood serum samples. Seroprevalence and its 95% confidence interval (95% C.I.) were calculated.. Results. In the localities Citlaltepetl, Cornizuelo, Cruz de Palma y Rancho Nuevo, CD cases were confirmed in children under 15 years of age with a seroprevalence of 1,9% (95% C.I.: 1,12-3,16%). Conclusions. These results indicate that these communities present recent transmission of CD and allow establishing an epidemiological baseline for the design and implementation of a model based on activities focused on geographic areas with active transmission to advance towards the elimination of intra-domiciliary vector transmission of CD in Mexico.Introducción. En 2021 la Secretaría de Salud de México y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud lanzaron una iniciativa para la interrupción de la transmisión vectorial intradomiciliaria de la enfermedad de Chagas (EC), fundamentada en el conocimiento de la prevalencia de esta enfermedad en población infantil. El estado mexicano de Veracruz fue punta de lanza de esta iniciativa.Objetivo. Estimar la seroprevalencia de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en menores de 15 años de localidades rurales de Veracruz, México.Materiales y métodos. Se identificaron 8 localidades prioritarias para la serología basal en el municipio de Tempoal, Veracruz. Se colectaron muestra de sangre en papel filtro de 817 individuos (junio-agosto de 2017) para su tamizaje usando un inmunoensayo enzimático de tercera generación. Los casos reactivos del tamizaje se confirmaron mediante pruebas de hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI), ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA) e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) en muestras de suero colectadas en tubo. Se calculó la seroprevalencia y su intervalo de confianza del 95% (I.C. 95%).Resultados. En las localidades Citlaltépetl, Cornizuelo, Cruz de Palma y Rancho Nuevo se confirmaron casos de la EC en menores de 15 años con una seroprevalencia de 1,9% (I.C. 95%: 1,12-3,16%).Conclusiones. Los resultados indican que estas comunidades presentan transmisión reciente de la EC y permiten establecer una línea de base epidemiológica para el diseño e implementación de un modelo fundamentado en acciones dirigidas a áreas geográficas con transmisión activa para avanzar hacia la eliminación de transmisión vectorial intradomiciliar de la EC en México

Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact ∼12,800 Years Ago. 2. Lake, Marine, and Terrestrial Sediments

Part 1 of this study investigated evidence of biomass burning in global ice records, and here we continue to test the hypothesis that an impact event at the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) caused an anomalously intense episode of biomass burning at ∼12.8 ka on a multicontinental scale (North and South America, Europe, and Asia). Quantitative analyses of charcoal and soot records from 152 lakes, marine cores, and terrestrial sequences reveal a major peak in biomass burning at the Younger Dryas (YD) onset that appears to be the highest during the latest Quaternary. For the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (K-Pg) impact event, concentrations of soot were previously utilized to estimate the global amount of biomass burned, and similar measurements suggest that wildfires at the YD onset rapidly consumed ∼10 million km2 of Earth’s surface, or ∼9% of Earth’s biomass, considerably more than for the K-Pg impact. Bayesian analyses and age regressions demonstrate that ages for YDB peaks in charcoal and soot across four continents are synchronous with the ages of an abundance peak in platinum in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core and of the YDB impact event (12,835–12,735 cal BP). Thus, existing evidence indicates that the YDB impact event caused an anomalously large episode of biomass burning, resulting in extensive atmospheric soot/dust loading that triggered an “impact winter.” This, in turn, triggered abrupt YD cooling and other climate changes, reinforced by climatic feedback mechanisms, including Arctic sea ice expansion, rerouting of North American continental runoff, and subsequent ocean circulation changes