Halbwachs vs Durkheim. Une critique de l’individu pur (et de la sociologie)

Introduction Il est bien connu qu’Emile Durkheim a plus que tout autre décrit et analysé l’organisation propre du monde social. En revanche, on s’est moins intéressé à l’autre face de sa pensée, qui concerne la conception de l’individu. De fait, la théorie que la sociologie a pour objet un ordre de manifestations spécifique, non réductible à l’expression personnelle, a pour contrepartie, chez Durkheim, la vision en vertu de laquelle les phénomènes privés constituent, de leur côté, des faits s..

Crystalline silicate dust around evolved stars I. The sample stars

This is the first paper in a series of three where we present the first comprehensive inventory of solid state emission bands observed in a sample of 17 oxygen-rich circumstellar dust shells surrounding evolved stars. The data were taken with the Short and Long Wavelength Spectrographs on board of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and cover the 2.4 to 195 micron wavelength range. The spectra show the presence of broad 10 and 18 micron bands that can be attributed to amorphous silicates. In addition, at least 49 narrow bands are found whose position and width indicate they can be attributed to crystalline silicates. Almost all of these bands were not known before ISO. We have measured the peak positions, widths and strengths of the individual, continuum subtracted bands. Based on these measurements, we were able to order the spectra in sequence of decreasing crystalline silicate band strength. We found that the strength of the emission bands correlates with the geometry of the circumstellar shell, as derived from direct imaging or inferred from the shape of the spectral energy distribution. This naturally divides the sample into objects that show a disk-like geometry (strong crystalline silicate bands), and objects whose dust shell is characteristic of an outflow (weak crystalline silicate bands). All stars with the 33.6 micron forsterite band stronger than 20 percent over continuum are disk sources. We define spectral regions (called complexes) where a concentration of emission bands is evident, at 10, 18, 23, 28, 33, 40 and 60 micron. We derive average shapes for these complexes and compare these to the individual band shapes of the programme stars.Comment: 41 pages, 20 figures, accepted by A&A. Tables 4 to 20 are only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A

DEVELOPMENT OF A KINETIC MODEL OF BOEHMITE DISSOLUTION IN CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS APPLIED TO OPTIMIZE HANFORD WASTE PROCESSING

Boehmite (e.g., aluminum oxyhydroxide) is a major non-radioactive component in Hanford and Savannah River nuclear tank waste sludge. Boehmite dissolution from sludge using caustic at elevated temperatures is being planned at Hanford to minimize the mass of material disposed of as high-level waste (HLW) during operation of the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP). To more thoroughly understand the chemistry of this dissolution process, we have developed an empirical kinetic model for aluminate production due to boehmite dissolution. Application of this model to Hanford tank wastes would allow predictability and optimization of the caustic leaching of aluminum solids, potentially yielding significant improvements to overall processing time, disposal cost, and schedule. This report presents an empirical kinetic model that can be used to estimate the aluminate production from the leaching of boehmite in Hanford waste as a function of the following parameters: (1) hydroxide concentration; (2) temperature; (3) specific surface area of boehmite; (4) initial soluble aluminate plus gibbsite present in waste; (5) concentration of boehmite in the waste; and (6) (pre-fit) Arrhenius kinetic parameters. The model was fit to laboratory, non-radioactive (e.g. 'simulant boehmite') leaching results, providing best-fit values of the Arrhenius A-factor, A, and apparent activation energy, E{sub A}, of A = 5.0 x 10{sup 12} hour{sup -1} and E{sub A} = 90 kJ/mole. These parameters were then used to predict boehmite leaching behavior observed in previously reported actual waste leaching studies. Acceptable aluminate versus leaching time profiles were predicted for waste leaching data from both Hanford and Savannah River site studies

WATER ACTIVITY DATA ASSESSMENT TO BE USED IN HANFORD WASTE SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS

The purpose of this report is to present and assess water activity versus ionic strength for six solutes:sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. Water activity is given versus molality (e.g., ionic strength) and temperature. Water activity is used to estimate Hanford crystal hydrate solubility present in the waste

Interfaces And Models In Interdisciplinary Integrative Product Creation

There is a shift from mechanical to mechatronic or cyber-physical products. Product development is also facing shorter product life cycles. The development of mechatronic or cyber-physical products requires interdisciplinary systems engineering that enables the integration of product development and production system development. At the same time, interdisciplinary engineering offers the opportunity to parallelise product development and thus shorten development times. Numerous approaches have been developed for the integrative cooperation of product development and production system development. However, these approaches have not yet been put into practice in the industry. There are several challenges between the disciplines that hinder the implementation of integrative development. For example, synchronisation of tools and data between the two domains is a key challenge. Identifying the interfaces between the development cycles is also an obstacle to the implementation of integrative planning. In addition, the models to be transferred need to be defined. An analysis of the interfaces between product development and production system development is not yet available in the existing literature. Therefore, this paper analyses which interfaces and models exist in the integrative development between product development and production system development on the basis of a literature review. A total of 67 interfaces and models were identified that enable interdisciplinary collaboration in the context of systems engineering

Generating An Automated Assembly Graph On The Basis Of The 3D-Geometry Of A Product Assembly Group

In an era of globalisation and worldwide competition, it is essential for companies to develop competitive and cost-effective products. To achieve this goal, early selection between different product concepts is crucial. Despite proven methods in product and production system development, the ability to make predictions in the early phases is often insufficient. In particular, the efficient determination of assembly graphs still requires a lot of manual effort, which slows down the process and harbours potential sources of error. Therefore, this paper presents an approach to automatically generate an assembly priority graph based on the 3D geometry of a product assembly in the CAD system

Spirit: Multifunctional Framework for Atomistic Spin Simulations

The \textit{Spirit} framework is designed for atomic scale spin simulations of magnetic systems of arbitrary geometry and magnetic structure, providing a graphical user interface with powerful visualizations and an easy to use scripting interface. An extended Heisenberg type spin-lattice Hamiltonian including competing exchange interactions between neighbors at arbitrary distance, higher-order exchange, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and dipole-dipole interactions is used to describe the energetics of a system of classical spins localised at atom positions. A variety of common simulations methods are implemented including Monte Carlo and various time evolution algorithms based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion, which can be used to determine static ground state and metastable spin configurations, sample equilibrium and finite temperature thermodynamical properties of magnetic materials and nanostructures or calculate dynamical trajectories including spin torques induced by stochastic temperature or electric current. Methods for finding the mechanism and rate of thermally assisted transitions include the geodesic nudged elastic band method, which can be applied when both initial and final states are specified, and the minimum mode following method when only the initial state is given. The lifetime of magnetic states and rate of transitions can be evaluated within the harmonic approximation of transition-state theory. The framework offers performant CPU and GPU parallelizations. All methods are verified and applications to several systems, such as vortices, domain walls, skyrmions and bobbers are described

Predicting Water Activity in Electrolyte Solutions With the Cisternas-Lam Model

Water activity is an important parameter needed to predict the solubility of hydrated salts in Hanford nuclear waste supernatants. A number of models available in the scientific literature predict water activity from electrolyte solution composition. The Cisternas-Lam model is one of those models and has several advantages for nuclear waste application. One advantage is that it has a single electrolyte specific parameter that is temperature independent. Thus, this parameter can be determined from very limited data and extrapolated widely. The Cisternas-Lam model has five coefficients that are used for all aqueous electrolytes. The present study aims to determine if there is a substantial improvement in making all six coefficients electrolyte specific. The Cisternas-Lam model was fit to data for six major electrolytes in Hanford nuclear waste supernatants. The model was first fit to all data to determine the five global coefficients, when they were held constant for all electrolytes it yielded a substantially better fit. Subsequently, the model was fit to each electrolyte dataset separately, where all six coefficients were allowed to be electrolyte specific. Treating all six coefficients as electrolyte specific did not make sufficient difference, given the complexity of applying the electrolyte specific parameters to multi-solute systems. Revised water specific parameters, optimized to the electrolytes relevant to Hanford waste, are also reported

Case Study For Introducing Digital Cardboard Engineering

A key challenge in industrialized countries is to maintain competitiveness in the face of high labour costs and low demand as a result of the ongoing economic crisis. This requires early evaluation of conceptual solutions in the development of products and their production systems. While various approaches to early evaluation in the form of simulations already exist in product development, this is only partially the case in production. For example, there is currently a lack of comprehensive knowledge on how to carry out early evaluation of workstations in production. Up to now, workstations have been physically set up in cardboard workshops, which is time consuming and costly. One possible solution to solve this problem and save costs is to run a cardboard workshop digitally. This paper therefore presents a case study for piloting a tool for digital cardboard engineering. It shows the approach taken to create digital cardboard engineering and the improvements that were achieved as a result

A Brokering Framework for Assessing Legal Risks in Big Data and the Cloud

“Cloud computing” and “Big Data” are amongst the most hyped-up terms and buzzwords of the moment. After decades in which individuals and companies used to host their data and applications using their own IT infrastructure, the world has seen the stunning transformation of the Internet. Major shifts occurred when these infrastructures began to be outsourced to public Cloud providers to match commercial expectations. Storing, sharing and transferring data and databases over the Internet is convenient, yet legal risks cannot be eliminated. Legal risk is a fast-growing area of research and covers various aspects of law. Current studies and research on Cloud computing legal risk assessment have been, however, limited in scope and focused mainly on security and privacy aspects. There is little systematic research on the risks, threats and impact of the legal issues inherent to database rights and “ownership” rights of data. Database rights seem to be outdated and there is a significant gap in the scientific literature when it comes to the understanding of how to apply its provisions in the Big Data era. This means that we need a whole new framework for understanding, protecting and sharing data in the Cloud. The scheme we propose in this chapter is based on a risk assessment-brokering framework that works side by side with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This proposed framework will provide better control for Cloud users and will go a long way to increase confidence and reinforce trust in Cloud computing transactions