Caracterización de compuestos antidiabéticos potentes de Costus pictus D. Don encontrados en Assam, India usando métodos in vitro e in vivo

Objective: Costus pictus D. Don is a traditionally used plant in Naojan area of Golaghat district of Assam, India specifically for treating diabetes. Six compounds were isolated from standardized methanolic extract of the aerial parts (MECP). The prime objective was to select most potent antidiabetic compounds among the isolated compounds viz. F67, F12, F16, F3032, F37 & F48 by using in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: Isolated compounds were subjected to initial screening by in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity assay using iodine-starch and DNSA (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) methods. Compounds depicting promising in vitro activity were selected for in vivo Streptozotocin (STZ) induced antidiabetic screening activity. Then based on the in vivo results, most potent compounds were selected for instrumental characterization by Q-TOF ESI-MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR & FTIR. Results: Amongst the six compounds isolated from MECP, three compounds viz. F12, F16 & F48 showed potent in vitro activity. They were subsequently subjected to evaluation of the antidiabetic activity in vivo by oral administration, at dose of 10, 20 & 50 mg/kg body weight respectively, using Wister rat (120-150 g) and Glibenclamide (10mg/k body weight) as standard. Two compounds, F12 and F48 at dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, reversed STZ induced diabetic parameters (increased blood glucose level, altered plasma profile and histoarchitecture of the pancreatic and hepatic cells) with statistical significance (P<0.05), that was comparable with the standard. Hence, instrumental characterization by Q-TOF ESI-MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR & FTIR of compounds F12 and F48 isolated from MECP was carried out which established their identity as (3,5,7-Trihydroxy-3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxy) flavanone or [3,5,7-Trihydroxy- 2-(3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxy phenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one] and 3,5,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy- 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one or [7-methoxy-3, 5, 8 trihydroxy flavanone] respectively. Conclusion: The study culminated in elucidation of two flavanones as most potent compounds in exhibiting antidiabetic activities. The findings were thus successful in validating the traditional practices in Golaghat district of Assam, India, associated with the use of Costus pictus D. Don in the treatment of diabetes.Objetivo: Costus pictus D. Don es una planta usada tradicionalmente en la zona del distrito de Golaghat Naojan de Assam, India específicamente para el tratamiento de la diabetes. Seis compuestos se aislaron a partir de extracto metanólico estandarizados de las hojas (MECP). El principal objetivo fue seleccionar compuestos antidiabéticos más potentes entre los compuestos aislados viz. F67, F12, F16, F3032, F37 y F48 mediante métodos in vitro e in vivo. Métodos: Los compuestos aislados fueron sometidos a cribado inicial mediante ensayo de actividad de inhibición in vitro α-amilasa utilizando yodo-almidón y métodos DNSA (ácido 3,5-dinitrosalicilico). Los compuestos que presentaban una actividad in vitro prometedora se seleccionaron para la actividad de cribado antidiabético inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ) in vivo. En función de los resultados in vivo, la mayoría de los compuestos potentes se seleccionaron para la caracterización instrumental por Q-TOF ESI-MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR y FTIR. Resultados: Entre los seis compuestos aislados de MECP, tres compuestos viz. F12, F16 y F48 mostraron una potente actividad. Posteriormente se sometieron a evaluación de la actividad antidiabética in vivo mediante administración oral, en dosis de 10, 20 y 50 mg / kg peso, utilizando ratas Wister (120-150 g) y glibenclamida (10 mg / kg peso) como estándar. Dos compuestos, F12 y F48 en dosis de 50 mg/kg peso, revirtieron los parámetros diabéticos inducidos por STZ (aumento del nivel de glucosa en sangre, plasma perfil alterado y histoarquitectura del páncreas y células hepáticas), con significación estadística (P<0,05) que era comparable con la norma. Se llevo a cabo la caracterización instrumental por Q-TOF ESI-MS, RMN 1H, RMN 13C y FTIR de los compuestos F12 y F48 aislado de MECP, lo que estableció su identidad como (3,5,7-trihidroxi- 3 ‘-hidroxi-4’- metoxi) flavanona o [3,5,7-trihidroxi-2- (fenil 3 ‘-hidroxi-4’-metoxi) -2,3-dihydrochromen-4-ona] y 3,5,8-trihidroxi- 7-metoxi -2-fenil-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-ona o [7-metoxi-3, 5, 8 trihidroxi flavanona] respectivamente. Conclusión: El estudio culminó en la elucidación de dos flavanonas como los compuestos más potentes en la exposición de actividades antidiabéticas. Los resultados lograron validar las prácticas tradicionales en el distrito de Golaghat de Assam, India, asociados con el uso de Costus pictus D. Don en el tratamiento de la diabetes

Traditional Usage of Plants of Costus Species in Assam, India

Customary use of plants in the treatment of ailments in Assam, India is a typical situation. Ethno medicinal study was led in a few topographically unique zones of the state and utilization of plants from Costus species were reported. The extent of study chose for the investigation range across seven organizational regions spread across Assam, India. The regions include Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Karbi Anglong, Goalpara and Kokrajhar. Different plants were reported and plants fitting with the said species were chosen for determining the relevance concerning its use in customary medication. The survey divulged that plants associated to three species of the genus Costus namely Costus speciosus, Costus pictus and Costus scaber were espied to be primarily ubiquitous in traditional medicine in the discrete contemplated regions. The species were predominantly utilized as prime ingrediants in hepatoprotactive and anti-diabetic formulations. Costus speciosus was perceived to be chiefly used in the treatment of hepatic disorders and ailments. Costus pictus was observed to be used customarily in the upper Assam region bordering Nagaland for treating diabetes and Costus scaber was being used in the area bordering Arunachal Pradesh for tending people with jaundice, snake bite etc. The research climaxed with the profiling of the costus species as annotated from the ethnomedicinal survey

Approximate Analysis of Single and Multiple Ring Networks

Asynchronous packetswitched interconnection networks with decentralized control are very appropriate for multiprocessing and data flow architectures. This paper presents performance models of single and multiple ring networks based on token ring, slotted ring, and register insertion ring protocols. The multiple ring networks have the advantages of being reliable, expandable, and cost effective. An approximate and uniform analysis, based on the gated M/G/1 queueing model, has been developed to evaluate the performance of both existing single ring networks and the proposed multiple ring networks. Our approximations are good for low and medium load. The analyses are based on symmetric ring structure with nonexhaustive service policy and infinite queue length at each station. They essentially involve modeling of queues with single and multiple walking servers. The results obtained from the analytical models are compared to those obtained from simulation. © 1989 IEE

Listeriosis in a peri-urban area: Cultural and molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from encephalitic goats

Background and Aim: Listeriosis in food animals bears a significant threat to human health. Detailed investigations into the cause facilitate proper management of the disease. This study reports the cultural, pathological, and molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from encephalitic goats from peri-urban Guwahati, Assam. Materials and Methods: Out of nine suspected samples, five positive isolates of L. monocytogenes were subjected to bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular tests. The genus and species-specific L. monocytogenes 16S rRNA and prs genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to yield 1200 and 370 bp sized products, respectively. The encephalitic form of the disease was characterized by circling movement, high fever, and terminal recumbence. Results: All the five isolates were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes based on PCR amplification of genus and species-specific 16S rRNA and prs gene products. The isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline (OTC), and norfloxacin, but resistant to doxycycline and erythromycin. A high dose of OTC was used in a goat at the early stage of clinical symptom and the animal recovered clinically. Conclusion: Listeriosis in goats could pose a significant public health threat as the meat (occasionally milk) or meat products from goats are widely consumed by the people of Assam. Understanding the molecular epidemiological aspects of L. monocytogenes infections of food animal species should, therefore, be the priority in this part of the country