Perfiles de estudiantes universitarios y su ajuste a las metodologías de enseñanza

Desde la implantación del EEES, la investigación sobre metodologías de enseñanza en el ámbito universitario ha cobrado relevancia. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que el estilo motivacional y las estrategias de aprendizaje de los universitarios son cruciales en el desarrollo de sus competencias académicas. Pero el interés actual se centra en que la metodología de enseñanza puede influir en la adquisición de estas competencias. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: - Explorar perfiles de estudiantes universitarios en función de su orientación motivacional y las estrategias de aprendizaje que utilizan. - Conocer la percepción de los estudiantes sobre las metodologías docentes y su eficacia. - Analizar las diferencias en las preferencias en la metodología de enseñanza en función de los perfiles de alumnos. Participaron 135 alumnos universitarios que cumplimentaron los siguientes cuestionarios: CEVEAPEU (Gargallo et al., 2009) para evaluar las estrategias de aprendizaje; LEMEX (Alonso Tapia, Huertas y Ruiz, 2010) para evaluar la orientación motivacional; y USET (Sander et al., 2000; versión castellana de De la Fuente, Nievas y Rius, 2002) para evaluar la percepción de las metodologías docentes. Se ha realizado un análisis de clusters que permite diferenciar dos perfiles de alumnos, que presentan diferencias significativas en los patrones de uso de las estrategias de aprendizaje, en su orientación al aprendizaje y en su rendimiento. Además, hay diferencias significativas entre ambos perfiles de alumnos en sus expectativas de metodología esperada, en su preferencia por el planteamiento del aprendizaje, fomento de la participación, valoración de las clases prácticas y evaluación Se discute el papel de la motivación y el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje en el ajuste a diferentes metodologías en la enseñanza universitaria. Asimismo, se plantea la necesidad de tener en cuenta estos perfiles para ajustar la metodología docente y favorecer el aprendizaje de todos los alumnos.Profiles of university students and their adjustment to teaching methodologies. Since the launch of the EHEA, research on university teaching has increased significantly. Traditionally, the motivational style and learning strategies of university students are considered crucial to achieving academic competences. But de current focus in on teaching methodologies used by teachers can facilitate on greater or lesser extent the acquisition of those competences. This work aims to: a) identify profiles of students according to their motivation and the learning strategies they use. b) know the perception of university students on teaching methodologies. c) analyze the differences between these profiles of students in their preference for teaching methods. 135 university students completed CEVEAPEU Questionnaire (Gargallo et al., 2009) to measure learning strategies; the LEMEX Questionnaire (Alonso Tapia, Huertas y Ruiz, 2010) to measure motivational styles; y and USET (Sander, Stevenson, King y Coates, 2000; spanish version in De la Fuente, Nievas y Rius, 2002) questionnaires to measure the perception on teaching methodologies. Results show: The cluster analysis performed showed two profiles of students differing in their motivational profile, the learning strategies they use and their performance. Finally, statistical differences were found between these profiles in their expectancies, preference for different methodologies, promotion of the participation, the value of practice and evaluation. The role of student motivation and learning strategies in their adjustment to different teaching methodologies is discussed. The need for address the two students profiles is discussed.peerReviewe

La función motivacional del habla privada: una perspectiva vygotskiana para el estudio del desarrollo de la motivación en educación

Tesis doctoral inédita, leida en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicología Básica, Fecha de lectura: 30 de septiembre de 200

An extra time duration model with application to unemployment duration under benefits in Spain

This paper postulates that the effect of unemployment benefits on the hazard rates changes considerably using a traditional duration model that uses only unemployment insurance (UI) data, or deals with unemployment assistance (UA) as a mere extension of UI, instead of an extra time duration model that accounts separately for transition rates to work of the unemployed who receive UI and UA. For UI recipients the hazard rate rises dramatically when UI benefits lapse approaches. On the contrary, for UA recipients the hazard rate remains flat or even has a slight fall nearby the UA lapse. Finally, there is a group of unemployed qualified for UA that quit UI due to the income fall that they will experience when they pass from UI to UAEste artículo muestra que el efecto de las prestaciones por desempleo sobre la probabilidad de abandonar el desempleo en los parados cambia considerablemente cuando se emplea un modelo de duración tradicional que contiene sólo información de prestaciones contributivas (UI), o de prestaciones asistenciales (UA) como una mera prolongación del efecto de UI, en lugar de un modelo de duración con un período de prórroga que recoge secuencialmente el efecto de UI y UA. Se observa que mientras la tasa de salida de los perceptores de UI aumenta considerablemente cuando ésta llega a su fin, la tasa de los perceptores de UA permanece constante o incluso cae ligeramente al finalizar UA. Hay un grupo de parados elegibles para UA que abandonan el desempleo mientras perciben UI debido a la pérdida de ingreso que experimentarán cuando transiten de UI a U

NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Superoxide Production in Plant Reproductive Tissues

In the life cycle of a flowering plant, the male gametophyte (pollen grain) produced in the anther reaches the stigmatic surface and initiates the pollen–pistil interaction, an important step in plant reproduction, which ultimately leads to the delivery of two sperm cells to the female gametophyte (embryo sac) inside the ovule. The pollen tube undergoes a strictly apical expansion characterized by a high growth rate, whose targeting should be tightly regulated. A continuous exchange of signals therefore takes place between the haploid pollen and diploid tissue of the pistil until fertilization. In compatible interactions, theses processes result in double fertilization to form a zygote (2n) and the triploid endosperm. Among the large number of signaling mechanisms involved, the redox network appears to be particularly important. Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (Rbohs) are superoxide-producing enzymes involved in a broad range of processes in plant physiology. In this study, we review the latest findings on understanding Rboh activity in sexual plant reproduction, with a particular focus on the male gametophyte from the anther development stages to the crowning point of fertilization. Rboh isoforms have been identified in both the male and female gametophyte and have proven to be tightly regulated. Their role at crucial points such as proper growth of pollen tube, self-incompatibility response and eventual fertilization is discussed. [EN]European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) co-financed grants: BFU2008-006292, BFU2011-22779, CSIC-201540E065, and RECUPERA2020-3.1.4.Peer reviewe

Do unemployment benefit legislative changes affect job finding? Evidence from the Spanish 1992 UI reform act.

Using a rich administrative dataset on unemployment insurance benefit recipients, the current work analyses the Spanish 1992 Reform Act implemented to reduce the generosity of the unemployment compensation system –in particular, a decrease in the level of unemployment insurance benefits and in entitlement duration. For this purpose, we compare unemployment insurance exit rates for two large sub-samples of individuals: the first sub-sample includes those who started receiving unemployment insurance benefits in 1991 (the pre-reform sub-sample) and the second sub-sample includes those who did so during 1993 (the post-reform sub-sample). Results indicate that these legislative changes had a positive though modest effect on individuals’ exit rate from unemployment: the 10-percent decrease in unemployment insurance benefit levels was associated with a 5-percent increase in the transition rate out of unemployment, while the reduction implemented in the potential unemployment insurance duration implied a 2-percent increase in the hazard rate out of unemployment

Etiological and Resistance Profile of Bacteria Involved in Urinary Tract Infections in Young Children

The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria most frequently responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI) in the population of under-2-year-olds in our geographic area and to evaluate the activity of antibiotics widely used for UTI treatment during a 4-year study period. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted of data on the identification and susceptibility of microorganisms isolated in urine samples from children under 2 years of age. A total of 1,045 uropathogens were isolated. Escherichia coli accounted for the majority (60.3%) of these, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (22.4%) and Klebsiella spp. (6.5%). The highest E. coli susceptibility rates (>90%) were to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin, and the lowest were to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cotrimoxazole. Among all bacteria isolated, we highlight the overall high activity of piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin against both community and hospital isolates and the reduced activity of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins, gentamicin, and cotrimoxazole. There was no significant change in the total activity of any of the studied antibiotics over the 4-year study period. Empiric treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cotrimoxazole, cephalosporins, and gentamicin may be inadequate due to their limited activity against uropathogens in our settingParts of this work were supported by the CTS-521 research grou

Do unemployment benefit legislative changes affect job finding? Evidence from the Spanish 1992 UI reform act.

Using a rich administrative dataset on unemployment insurance benefit recipients, the current work analyses the Spanish 1992 Reform Act implemented to reduce the generosity of the unemployment compensation system –in particular, a decrease in the level of unemployment insurance benefits and in entitlement duration. For this purpose, we compare unemployment insurance exit rates for two large sub-samples of individuals: the first sub-sample includes those who started receiving unemployment insurance benefits in 1991 (the pre-reform sub-sample) and the second sub-sample includes those who did so during 1993 (the post-reform sub-sample). Results indicate that these legislative changes had a positive though modest effect on individuals’ exit rate from unemployment: the 10-percent decrease in unemployment insurance benefit levels was associated with a 5-percent increase in the transition rate out of unemployment, while the reduction implemented in the potential unemployment insurance duration implied a 2-percent increase in the hazard rate out of unemployment

A Cholinergic Synaptically Triggered Event Participates in the Generation of Persistent Activity Necessary for Eye Fixation

An exciting topic regarding integrative properties of the nervous system is how transient motor commands or brief sensory stimuli are able to evoke persistent neuronal changes, mainly as a sustained, tonic action potential firing. A persisting firing seems to be necessary for postural maintenance after a previous movement. We have studied in vitro and in vivo the generation of the persistent neuronal activity responsible for eye fixation after spontaneous eye movements. Rat sagittal brainstem slices were used for the intracellular recording of prepositus hypoglossi (PH) neurons and their synaptic activation from nearby paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) neurons. Single electrical pulses applied to the PPRF showed a monosynaptic glutamatergic projection on PH neurons, acting on AMPA-kainate receptors. Train stimulation of the PPRF area evoked a sustained depolarization of PH neurons exceeding (by hundreds of milliseconds) stimulus duration. Both duration and amplitude of this sustained depolarization were linearly related to train frequency. The train-evoked sustained depolarization was the result of interaction between glutamatergic excitatory burst neurons and cholinergic mesopontine reticular fibers projecting onto PH neurons, because it was prevented by slice superfusion with cholinergic antagonists and mimicked by cholinergic agonists. As expected, microinjections of cholinergic antagonists in the PH nucleus of alert behaving cats evoked a gaze-holding deficit consisting of a re-centering drift of the eye after each saccade. These findings suggest that a slow, cholinergic, synaptically triggered event participates in the generation of persistent activity characteristic of PH neurons carrying eye position signals.Unión Europea Grants BI04-CT98-0546España, Ministerio de Ciencia PB98-0011, BFI2000-00936, BFI2000-1190, y BFI2002-0137

Predicción del consumo de agua en Córdoba

La modelización del consumo de agua en un municipio de tipo medio permite analizar fenómenos como los efectos de campañas de uso racional del agua y la concienciación ciudadana en épocas de sequía, la desaparición paulatina de este estado de ánimo cuando las condiciones climáticas se recuperan, y la incidencia de la implantación de los contadores individuales, y las distintas reacciones de éstos en relación a los abonados en contadores colectivos. La predicción del consumo tiene una utilidad directa sobre la planificación anual de la empresa suministradora, en el terreno económico y financiero. Al predecir magnitudes desagregadas, se presentan problemas de discrepancias entre distintos tipos de predicciones, y se incluye una metodología para tratar estas discrepancias, así como la consolidación de predicciones utilizando varios modelos alternativos. Los resultados aquí resentados se enmarcan en unos estudios que están siendo impulsados por EMACSA, compañía suministradora de Córdoba

Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Influence of Psychosocial Factors

(1) Background: In the treatment of colorectal cancer, it is important to consider different psychosocial factors. Our first objective was to measure the levels of perceived stress in subjects diagnosed with colorectal cancer awaiting potentially curative surgery. Also, we aimed to analyse what coping styles these patients used, how they perceived their illness, and the subsequent influence of these factors on their levels of stress. (2) Methods: Stress, coping styles and illness perception were assessed in a sample of 107 patients. The instruments used were the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), the Stress Coping Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ-R). (3) Results: Patients using active coping styles have lower levels of perceived stress (p = 0.000; p = 0.002) than patients making use of passive coping styles (p = 0.000; p = 0.032; p = 0.001). A multi-linear regression model found that the perception of illness and the use of the negative approach coping style (p = 0.000; p = 0.001) influence an increase in perceived stress, and that a decrease in stress levels was influenced by the problem solving coping style (p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Based on our results, we recommend preventive interventions in care patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery