Dysfunction of cortical GABAergic neurons leads to sensory hyper-reactivity in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD.

Hyper-reactivity to sensory input is a common and debilitating symptom in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the neural basis underlying sensory abnormality is not completely understood. Here we examined the neural representations of sensory perception in the neocortex of a Shank3B-/- mouse model of ASD. Male and female Shank3B-/- mice were more sensitive to relatively weak tactile stimulation in a vibrissa motion detection task. In vivo population calcium imaging in vibrissa primary somatosensory cortex (vS1) revealed increased spontaneous and stimulus-evoked firing in pyramidal neurons but reduced activity in interneurons. Preferential deletion of Shank3 in vS1 inhibitory interneurons led to pyramidal neuron hyperactivity and increased stimulus sensitivity in the vibrissa motion detection task. These findings provide evidence that cortical GABAergic interneuron dysfunction plays a key role in sensory hyper-reactivity in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD and identify a potential cellular target for exploring therapeutic interventions

Ephrin-B1 controls the spatial distribution of cortical pyramidal neurons by restricting their tangential migration

During development of the cerebral cortex, the various neuronal subtypes have to reach their correct final position in the post mitotic compartment where they complete their maturation and eventually establish functional networks. Precise positioning of individual neurons is acquired through tight regulation of the multiple transitions that neurons undergo on their way to the cortical plate. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are organized in layers and columns. Although several molecular mechanisms have been identified that control the final position of neurons along the radial dimension of the cortex (i.e. layer specificity), much less is known about how their final tangential, or mediolateral, distribution is controlled. However this may have a direct impact on the structural and functional organization of cortical columns, since sister neurons derived from the same progenitor display selective patterns of connectivity with each other and/or share similar functional properties. Here we studied the role of B-ephrins in the control of migration of cortical pyramidal neurons. Gain of function experiments using in utero electroporation of ephrin-B1 revealed a striking alteration of the tangential distribution of pyramidal neurons during the multipolar stage of radial migration, resulting in clustering of the pyramidal neurons in the cortical plate. Conversely, clonal analysis of migrating neurons in ephrin-B1 knockout mice showed a wider mediolateral dispersion of cortical neurons. Static and dynamic analyses of migrating neurons revealed that ephrin-B1 modulates the morphology of pyramidal neurons during their multipolar phase, thereby restricting their tangential migration at that stage. Our results demonstrate that ephrin-B1 is a specific inhibitor of non-radial migration of pyramidal neurons, thereby controlling the pattern of cortical columns. These data shed new light on this important aspect of pyramidal neuronal migration, and illustrate how alterations of patterns of migration can affect cortical column organization.Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiquesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Ephrin-B1 controls the spatial distribution of cortical pyramidal neurons by restricting their tangential migration

During development of the cerebral cortex, the various neuronal subtypes have to reach their correct final position in the post mitotic compartment where they complete their maturation and eventually establish functional networks. Precise positioning of individual neurons is acquired through tight regulation of the multiple transitions that neurons undergo on their way to the cortical plate. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are organized in layers and columns. Although several molecular mechanisms have been identified that control the final position of neurons along the radial dimension of the cortex (i.e. layer specificity), much less is known about how their final tangential, or mediolateral, distribution is controlled. However this may have a direct impact on the structural and functional organization of cortical columns, since sister neurons derived from the same progenitor display selective patterns of connectivity with each other and/or share similar functional properties. Here we studied the role of B-ephrins in the control of migration of cortical pyramidal neurons. Gain of function experiments using in utero electroporation of ephrin-B1 revealed a striking alteration of the tangential distribution of pyramidal neurons during the multipolar stage of radial migration, resulting in clustering of the pyramidal neurons in the cortical plate. Conversely, clonal analysis of migrating neurons in ephrin-B1 knockout mice showed a wider mediolateral dispersion of cortical neurons. Static and dynamic analyses of migrating neurons revealed that ephrin-B1 modulates the morphology of pyramidal neurons during their multipolar phase, thereby restricting their tangential migration at that stage. Our results demonstrate that ephrin-B1 is a specific inhibitor of non-radial migration of pyramidal neurons, thereby controlling the pattern of cortical columns. These data shed new light on this important aspect of pyramidal neuronal migration, and illustrate how alterations of patterns of migration can affect cortical column organization.Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiquesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Transcriptional mechanisms of EphA7 gene expression in the developing cerebral cortex.

The patterning of cortical areas is controlled by a combination of intrinsic factors that are expressed in the cortex and external signals such as inputs from the thalamus. EphA7 is a guidance receptor that is involved in key aspects of cortical development and is expressed in gradients within developing cortical areas. Here, we identified a regulatory element of the EphA7 promoter, named pA7, that can recapitulate salient features of the pattern of expression of EphA7, including cortical gradients. Using a pA7-Green fluorescent Protein (GFP) mouse reporter line, we isolated cortical neuron populations displaying different levels of EphA7/GFP expression. Transcriptome analysis of these populations enabled to identify many differentially expressed genes, including 26 transcription factors with putative binding sites in the pA7 element. Among these, Pbx1 was found to bind directly to the EphA7 promoter in the developing cortex. All genes validated further were confirmed to be expressed differentially in the developing cortex, similarly to EphA7. Their expression was unchanged in mutant mice defective for thalamocortical projections, indicating a transcriptional control largely intrinsic to the cortex. Our study identifies a novel repertoire of cortical neuron genes that may act upstream of, or together with EphA7, to control the patterning of cortical areas.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Ripple-selective GABAergic projection cells in the hippocampus

Ripples are brief high-frequency electrographic events with important roles in episodic memory. However, the in vivo circuit mechanisms coordinating ripple-related activity among local and distant neuronal ensembles are not well understood. Here, we define key characteristics of a long-distance projecting GABAergic cell group in the mouse hippocampus that selectively exhibits high-frequency firing during ripples while staying largely silent during theta-associated states when most other GABAergic cells are active. The high ripple associated firing commenced before ripple onset and reached its maximum before ripple peak, with the signature theta-OFF, ripple-ON firing pattern being preserved across awake and sleep states. Controlled by septal GABAergic, cholinergic, and CA3 glutamatergic inputs, these ripple-selective cells innervate parvalbumin and cholecystokinin-expressing local interneurons while also targeting a variety of extra-hippocampal regions. These results demonstrate the existence of a hippocampal GABAergic circuit element that is uniquely positioned to coordinate ripple-related neuronal dynamics across neuronal assemblies

Nova proteins direct synaptic integration of somatostatin interneurons through activity-dependent alternative splicing

Somatostatin interneurons are the earliest born population of cortical inhibitory cells. They are crucial to support normal brain development and function; however, the mechanisms underlying their integration into nascent cortical circuitry are not well understood. In this study, we begin by demonstrating that the maturation of somatostatin interneurons in mouse somatosensory cortex is activity dependent. We then investigated the relationship between activity, alternative splicing, and synapse formation within this population. Specifically, we discovered that the Nova family of RNA-binding proteins are activity-dependent and are essential for the maturation of somatostatin interneurons, as well as their afferent and efferent connectivity. Within this population, Nova2 preferentially mediates the alternative splicing of genes required for axonal formation and synaptic function independently from its effect on gene expression. Hence, our work demonstrates that the Nova family of proteins through alternative splicing are centrally involved in coupling developmental neuronal activity to cortical circuit formation

Dysfunction of cortical GABAergic neurons leads to sensory hyper-reactivity in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD

Hyper-reactivity to sensory input is a common and debilitating symptom in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the neural basis underlying sensory abnormality is not completely understood. Here we examined the neural representations of sensory perception in the neocortex of a Shank3B−/− mouse model of ASD. Male and female Shank3B−/− mice were more sensitive to relatively weak tactile stimulation in a vibrissa motion detection task. In vivo population calcium imaging in vibrissa primary somatosensory cortex (vS1) revealed increased spontaneous and stimulus-evoked firing in pyramidal neurons but reduced activity in interneurons. Preferential deletion of Shank3 in vS1 inhibitory interneurons led to pyramidal neuron hyperactivity and increased stimulus sensitivity in the vibrissa motion detection task. These findings provide evidence that cortical GABAergic interneuron dysfunction plays a key role in sensory hyper-reactivity in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD and identify a potential cellular target for exploring therapeutic interventions.National Institutes of Health (Grant R01MH097104)NIMH (Grants P50MH094271, F32MH100749 and R01NS045130

Biological concepts in human sodium channel epilepsies and their relevance in clinical practice

International audienceObjectiveVoltage‐gated sodium channels (SCNs) share similar amino acid sequence, structure, and function. Genetic variants in the four human brain‐expressed SCN genes SCN1A/2A/3A/8A have been associated with heterogeneous epilepsy phenotypes and neurodevelopmental disorders. To better understand the biology of seizure susceptibility in SCN‐related epilepsies, our aim was to determine similarities and differences between sodium channel disorders, allowing us to develop a broader perspective on precision treatment than on an individual gene level alone.MethodsWe analyzed genotype‐phenotype correlations in large SCN‐patient cohorts and applied variant constraint analysis to identify severe sodium channel disease. We examined temporal patterns of human SCN expression and correlated functional data from in vitro studies with clinical phenotypes across different sodium channel disorders.ResultsComparing 865 epilepsy patients (504 SCN1A, 140 SCN2A, 171 SCN8A, four SCN3A, 46 copy number variation [CNV] cases) and analysis of 114 functional studies allowed us to identify common patterns of presentation. All four epilepsy‐associated SCN genes demonstrated significant constraint in both protein truncating and missense variation when compared to other SCN genes. We observed that age at seizure onset is related to SCN gene expression over time. Individuals with gain‐of‐function SCN2A/3A/8A missense variants or CNV duplications share similar characteristics, most frequently present with early onset epilepsy (<3 months), and demonstrate good response to sodium channel blockers (SCBs). Direct comparison of corresponding SCN variants across different SCN subtypes illustrates that the functional effects of variants in corresponding channel locations are similar; however, their clinical manifestation differs, depending on their role in different types of neurons in which they are expressed.SignificanceVariant function and location within one channel can serve as a surrogate for variant effects across related sodium channels. Taking a broader view on precision treatment suggests that in those patients with a suspected underlying genetic epilepsy presenting with neonatal or early onset seizures (<3 months), SCBs should be considered

Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire

Primates and rodents, which descended from a common ancestor around 90 million years ago , exhibit profound differences in behaviour and cognitive capacity; the cellular basis for these differences is unknown. Here we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile RNA expression in 188,776 individual interneurons across homologous brain regions from three primates (human, macaque and marmoset), a rodent (mouse) and a weasel (ferret). Homologous interneuron types—which were readily identified by their RNA-expression patterns—varied in abundance and RNA expression among ferrets, mice and primates, but varied less among primates. Only a modest fraction of the genes identified as ‘markers’ of specific interneuron subtypes in any one species had this property in another species. In the primate neocortex, dozens of genes showed spatial expression gradients among interneurons of the same type, which suggests that regional variation in cortical contexts shapes the RNA expression patterns of adult neocortical interneurons. We found that an interneuron type that was previously associated with the mouse hippocampus—the ‘ivy cell’, which has neurogliaform characteristics—has become abundant across the neocortex of humans, macaques and marmosets but not mice or ferrets. We also found a notable subcortical innovation: an abundant striatal interneuron type in primates that had no molecularly homologous counterpart in mice or ferrets. These interneurons expressed a unique combination of genes that encode transcription factors, receptors and neuropeptides and constituted around 30% of striatal interneurons in marmosets and humans