Berichte aus dem Ökolandbau

In diesem Heft der Schriftenreihe des Landesamtes für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie sind folgende drei Beiträge enthalten: Einfluss des Klimawandels auf Humus- und Stickstoffvorräte im Boden sowie Kompensationsmöglichkeiten durch den Ökologischen Landbau. Am Beispiel von drei Agrarstrukturgebieten in Sachsen wurden zunächst mit Hilfe mehrerer Methoden der Humusbilanzierung die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels bis zum Jahr 2050 ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Humusgehalte auf den Diluvial- und Lößböden leicht und den Verwitterungsstandorten der Bergregionen deutlich abnehmen können. Durch verschiedene Formen des ökologischen Landbaus (Ist-Situation, Marktfrucht, Futterbau, organische Düngung, Umwidmung zu Grünland) kann diesem Trend in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß entgegengewirkt werden. Nähr- und Schadstoffgehalte von Wirtschaftsdüngern in Sachsen. In den Jahren 2006 und 2007 wurde eine umfassende Erhebung an Wirtschaftsdüngern von ökologisch wirtschaftenden Betrieben in Sachsen durchgeführt. Von den Hauptnährstoffen wurden die Gehalte an Stickstoff, Phosphor, Kalium, Magnesium, Calcium, Natrium und Schwefel ermittelt. Durch die Ergebnisse wurden im Vergleich zu konventionellen Standardwerten niedrigere N- und K-Gehalte in den Wirtschaftsdüngern ökologischen Ursprungs bestätigt. Auch reicht das Datenmaterial erstmals aus, um die NH4-N-Anteile in den Düngemitteln genauer abschätzen zu können. Die hier präsentierten Untersuchungsergebnisse können zur weiteren Verbesserung von ökologischen Richtwerten genutzt werden. Gleichfalls durchgeführte Untersuchungen zum Schwermetall- und Arsengehalt der Wirtschaftsdünger ergaben für die überwiegende Mehrzahl der untersuchten Proben lediglich geringe Belastungen. Eignung nichtlegumer Zwischenfrüchte vor dem Anbau von Körnerleguminosen. Im Jahr 2008 wurden an drei Standorten in Sachsen Feldversuche zur Eignung nichtlegumer Zwischenfrüchte für Systeme der Mulch- und Direktsaat von Körnerleguminosen durchgeführt. Von den geprüften Zwischenfrüchten Sommerroggen, Schwarzhafer, Sonnenblume, Weißer Senf, Buchweizen und Hanf waren nahezu unabhängig vom Standort insbesondere Sommerroggen und Hafer aufgrund guter Unkrautunterdrückung und hohem Sprossertrag am besten geeignet

Nanostructured 3D Constructs Based on Chitosan and Chondroitin Sulphate Multilayers for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Nanostructured three-dimensional constructs combining layer-by-layer technology (LbL) and template leaching were processed and evaluated as possible support structures for cartilage tissue engineering. Multilayered constructs were formed by depositing the polyelectrolytes chitosan (CHT) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) on either bidimensional glass surfaces or 3D packet of paraffin spheres. 2D CHT/CS multi-layered constructs proved to support the attachment and proliferation of bovine chondrocytes (BCH). The technology was transposed to 3D level and CHT/CS multi-layered hierarchical scaffolds were retrieved after paraffin leaching. The obtained nanostructured 3D constructs had a high porosity and water uptake capacity of about 300%. Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) showed the viscoelastic nature of the scaffolds. Cellular tests were performed with the culture of BCH and multipotent bone marrow derived stromal cells (hMSCs) up to 21 days in chondrogenic differentiation media. Together with scanning electronic microscopy analysis, viability tests and DNA quantification, our results clearly showed that cells attached, proliferated and were metabolically active over the entire scaffold. Cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) formation was further assessed and results showed that GAG secretion occurred indicating the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype and the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs

Allergy / Prevention of allergy by viruslike nanoparticles (VNP) delivering shielded versions of major allergens in a humanized murine allergy model

Background: In highrisk populations, allergenspecific prophylaxis could protect from sensitization and subsequent development of allergic disease. However, such treatment might itself induce sensitization and allergies, thus requiring hypoallergenic vaccine formulations. We here characterized the preventive potential of viruslike nanoparticles (VNP) expressing surfaceexposed or shielded allergens. Methods: Fulllength major mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1 was selectively targeted either to the surface or to the inner side of the lipid bilayer envelope of VNP. Upon biochemical and immunological analysis, their preventive potential was determined in a humanized mouse model of mugwort pollen allergy. Results: Viruslike nanoparticles expressing shielded version of Art v 1, in contrast to those expressing surfaceexposed Art v 1, were hypoallergenic as they hardly induced degranulation of rat basophil leukemia cells sensitized with Art v 1specific mouse or human IgE. Both VNP versions induced proliferation and cytokine production of allergenspecific T cells in vitro. Upon intranasal application in mice, VNP expressing surfaceexposed but not shielded allergen induced allergenspecific antibodies, including IgE. Notably, preventive treatment with VNP expressing shielded allergenprotected mice from subsequent sensitization with mugwort pollen extract. Protection was associated with a Th1/Tregdominated cytokine response, increased Foxp3+ Treg numbers in lungs, and reduced lung resistance when compared to mice treated with empty particles. Conclusion: Viruslike nanoparticles represent a novel and versatile platform for the in vivo delivery of allergens to selectively target T cells and prevent allergies without inducing allergic reactions or allergic sensitization.DKW1248SFB F4605SFB F4609(VLID)313247

Development of an immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis based on detection of a circulating antigen

Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex. Early case detection followed by adequate treatment is essential to the control of VL. However, the available diagnostic tests are either invasive and require considerable expertise (parasitological demonstration of the parasite in tissue smears) or unable to distinguish between past and active infection (serological methods). Therefore, we aimed to develop a lateral flow assay in the form of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) device based on the detection of a circulating Leishmania antigen using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methodology/Principal Findings mAbs were produced by fusion of murine myeloma cells with splenocytes isolated from a mouse immunized with L. donovani soluble crude antigen. Out of 12 cloned hybridoma cell lines, two secreted mAbs recognizing the same leishmanial protein. These mAbs were used to produce an ICT as a sandwich assay for the detection of circulating antigen in serum and blood samples. The ICT was evaluated with 213 serum samples from VL patients living in VL endemic areas in China, and with 156 serum samples from patients with other diseases as well as 78 serum samples from healthy donors. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficiency of the new ICT was 95.8%, 98.7% and 97.3%, respectively. Compared with a commercially available antibody detecting ICT, our antigen-based ICT performed slightly better. Conclusion/Significance The newly developed ICT is an easy to use and more accurate diagnostic tool which fulfils the performance and operational characteristics required for VL case detection under field and laboratory conditions. As our ICT detects a circulating antigen, it will also be useful in monitoring treatment success and diagnosing VL in immunocompromised patients

Geteilt zu neuer Größe

Outsourcing: Zuerst haben Unternehmen große Teile derProduktion ausgelagert. Nun folgen interne Dienst­leis­tun­gen wie­Per­so­nal­we­sen oder Einkauf. Damit diese Projekte Erfolg haben,sollten Manager vier Prinzipien beachten