The Impact of Motivations Behind Malaysia’s Energy Initiatives

This research examines Malaysia’s involvement in activities which render energy as the subject and/or object of foreign policies, either via bilateral or multilateral engagements, from the perspective of Neoliberal Institutionalism. Malaysia’s increased involvement in the global energy market necessitates this research which seeks to determine the significance of energy in Malaysia’s economy and diplomacy, to understand Malaysia's motivation for its involvement in these co-operations. For this research, information is obtained through various official sources, interviews, published statistical data and past studies. The research shows that energy contributes significantly to Malaysia’s economy. Malaysia’s involvement in Lao PDR-Thailand- Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) initiative demonstrates the viability of multilateral electricity trade in the region. The Four-Fuel Diversification Policy 1981 (4FDP 1981) which increases natural gas utilization and the construction of the Peninsula Gas Utilisation (PGU) pipeline in Peninsular Malaysia are related to Malaysia’s involvement in Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MT-JDA), whereas these initiatives contribute towards enhancing Malaysia’s energy security, Malaysia can still play proactive roles in regional energy cooperation, as regional energy hub or transit state. Malaysia might also want to consider consolidating its energy administration for efficiency. Malaysia’s experience in negotiating for JDA is also useful in addressing the current disputes in South China Sea

Evaluating Malaysia's fuel diversification strategies 1981–2016

Since the introduction of Malaysia's own Four-Fuel Diversification Policies 1981, and the updated Five-Fuel Diversification Policies in 2001, no studies have been conducted to measure and evaluate the success and progress of these policies. This study aims to address this issue by quantitatively measuring the extent of fuel diversification in Malaysia since the conceptualisation of these policies in 1981 through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and supported by an analysis through the Shannon-Weiner Index. Statistical data from the Malaysia Energy Commission on the Primary Energy Supply and Final Energy Demand were chosen for this purpose. The findings suggest that whereas Malaysia has managed to reduce its over-dependency on crude oil/petroleum as its primary fuel, this dependency has been replaced partly by a dependency on natural gas, on the supply side. As for the demand side, the transportation sector's continuing dependency on petroleum has also affected the level of fuel diversification. Thus, the level of fuel diversification, while having shown improvement, was less than expected. Further incorporation of renewable energy in the future may hold the key to a genuine and more successful energy diversification for Malaysia

Data for: Evaluating Malaysia's Fuel Diversification Strategy 1981-2016

The document contains processed data generated from the statistics provided by the Malaysia Energy Comission on Primary Energy Supply and Final Energy Demands between the year 1981-2016. These data was further processed to obtain values relevant to the research on fuel diversification strategies in Malaysia, namely the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index value and Shannon-Weiner Index value for every year of study

The Energy Sector and the Internet of Things Sustainable Consumption and Enhanced Security through Industrial Revolution 4.0

With integration between machine automation and data being the hallmark of industrial revolution 4.0, the resilience of energy infrastructure in modern economy has taken a new significance. The study aims at discussing the potential and examining the impacts of the Internet of Things (IoT), which are smart devices with embedded sensors and connectivity, enabling data exchange to the energy sector. This technology contributes towards enhancing industry's sustainable practices through the industrial internet of things. With data from the edge of the grid, these sensors assist in efficient energy consumption, providing constant monitoring for the regulatory authority, particularly on pollutant emissions. IoT technology may complement the national electric smart-grid, enhancing its reliability by feeding these raw data into machine learning neural network for the optimal operation. All these technologies shall complement one another, as Malaysia transform from a net energy exporter into an energy importer. Practicing efficient energy consumption can reduce this external dependency and enhance national energy security. This paper derives statistical data sourced from the Energy Commission and technical data from publications of other scholars. On smaller scale, IoT implementation in manufacturing plants may resulted in 15% operating cost reduction. The benefits on national level implementation however remains unknown

Data for: Evaluating Malaysia's Fuel Diversification Strategy 1981-2016

The document contains processed data generated from the statistics provided by the Malaysia Energy Comission on Primary Energy Supply and Final Energy Demands between the year 1981-2016. These data was further processed to obtain values relevant to the research on fuel diversification strategies in Malaysia, namely the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index value and Shannon-Weiner Index value for every year of study.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

An analysis of Malaysia’s regional energy diplomacy: Experience and outcome

This research examines Malaysia’s involvement in activities which render energy as the subject and/or object of foreign policies, either via bilateral or multilateral engagements, from the perspective of Neoliberal Institutionalism. Malaysia’s increased involvement in the global energy market necessitates this research which seeks (a) to determine the significance of energy in Malaysia’s economy and diplomacy; (b) to understand Malaysia's motivation for its involvement in these cooperations and (c) to identify steps to enhance its energy security through refinements of existing policies and recognizing new opportunities. This study utilizes information from official sources, interviews, published statistical data and past studies. The findings demonstrate that energy contributes significantly to Malaysia’s economy. Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and the Export Dependency Index, it was discovered that Malaysia is more dependent on its Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) exports to Japan and South Korea than the other way around, and that trades of energy commodities are based on practical consideration. Petronas also acts as an agent for Malaysia’s energy diplomacy in some capacity. In a non-trade arrangement such as the ASEAN Power Grid (APG), Malaysia utilizes ASEAN as a platform to engage with other countries, although this is less evident in the Malaysia- Thailand Joint Development Area (MT-JDA). Through the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority (MTJA), both Malaysia and Thailand agree to set-aside their disputes over maritime delimitation to enable joint exploration. Malaysia’s involvement in the Laos-Thailand- Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) initiative demonstrates the viability of multilateral electricity trade in the region. The Four Fuel Diversification Policy 1981 (4FDP 1981) which increases natural gas utilization and the construction of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation (PGU) pipeline are related to Malaysia’s involvement in MT-JDA, whereas the reform of its electricity sector through Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry 2.0 (MESI 2.0) was catalysed through its participation in the APG. While these initiatives contribute towards enhancing Malaysia’s energy security, Malaysia can still play a proactive role in regional energy cooperation by serving as a regional energy hub or transit state. Malaysia may also consider consolidating its energy administration in order to improve efficiency. The experience in negotiating for Joint Development Area (JDA) is useful in addressing the present South China Sea dispute

The Effect of Climate Change on the Livelihood of Small-Scale Fishing Communities: A Model of the Inland Water Area in The Northern Region of Malaysia

Inland open water small scale fishing (SSF) populations are among the most vulnerable groups in Malaysia's northern area. Furthermore, fishing activities may aid in nutrition and food security, poverty reduction, and the maintenance of a sustainable lifestyle. Scholars, however, do not appreciate their work, either domestically or worldwide. Using two livelihood risk indexes, this research looked at the effect of climate change on small-scale fishing communities in Malaysia's northern area. Using the 'Livelihood Vulnerability Index' (LVI) approach first, and then the 'IPCC Vulnerability Framework Approach' method second (LVI-IPCC method). The study's major goals are to determine the degree of Climatic Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity, as well as to analyze the vulnerability status of small-scale fishing communities in Malaysia's inland water areas. Data on SSF households from three states in Malaysia's northern area, namely Kedah, Penang, and Perlis, were randomly gathered in order to meet the study goals. A total of 352 SSF families were contacted for an interview. According to the findings of the LVI and LVI-IPCC analyses, the SSFs in Perlis were more vulnerable than those in Kedah and Penang. Aside from that, the SSFs face a variety of pressures, including food insecurity, cash shortages, chronic illness, unsafe water supply, physical asset insufficiency, lack of access to cash, inability to receive early warning systems on impending disasters, and a lack of involvement in social networking, according to this study. The government must take steps to enhance the quality of life for SSF communities, including adjustments to diet strategy, healthiness facilities, casual standing services, training, and the development of more effective early warning systems