Impact of droplets on inclined flowing liquid films

The impact of droplets on an inclined falling liquid film is studied experimentally using high-speed imaging. The falling film is created on a flat substrate with controllable thicknesses and flow rates. Droplets with different sizes and speeds are used to study the impact process under various Ohnesorge and Weber numbers, and film Reynolds numbers. A number of phenomena associated with droplet impact are identified and analysed, such as bouncing, partial coalescence, total coalescence, and splashing. The effects of droplet size, speed, as well the film flow rate are studied culminating in the generation of an impact regime map. The analysis of the lubrication force acted on the droplet via the gas layer shows that a higher flow rate in the liquid film produces a larger lubrication force, slows down the drainage process, and increases the probability of droplet bouncing. Our results demonstrate that the flowing film has a profound effect on the droplet impact process and associated phenomena, which are markedly more complex than those accompanying impact on initially quiescent films

HIF2α is a Direct Regulator of Neutrophil Motility

Orchestrated recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed tissue is essential during initiation of inflammation. Inflamed areas are usually hypoxic, and adaptation to reduced oxygen pressure is typically mediated by hypoxia pathway proteins. However, it is still unclear how these factors influence the migration of neutrophils to and at the site of inflammation either during their transmigration through the blood-endothelial cell barrier, or their motility in the interstitial space. Here, we reveal that activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 (HIF2α) due to deficiency of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 (PHD2) boosts neutrophil migration specifically through highly confined microenvironments. In vivo, the increased migratory capacity of PHD2-deficient neutrophils resulted in massive tissue accumulation in models of acute local inflammation. Using systematic RNAseq analyses and mechanistic approaches, we identified RhoA, a cytoskeleton organizer, as the central downstream factor that mediates HIF2α-dependent neutrophil motility. Thus, we propose that the here identified novel PHD2-HIF2α-RhoA axis is vital to the initial stages of inflammation as it promotes neutrophil movement through highly confined tissue landscapes

Exposure to airborne cadmium and breast cancer stage, grade and histology at diagnosis: findings from the E3N cohort study

Molecular studies suggest that cadmium due to its estrogenic properties, might play a role in breast cancer (BC) progression. However epidemiological evidence is limited. This study explored the association between long-term exposure to airborne cadmium and risk of BC by stage, grade of differentiation, and histological types at diagnosis. A nested case-control study of 4401 cases and 4401 matched controls was conducted within the French E3N cohort. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based metric demonstrated to reliably characterize long-term environmental exposures was employed to evaluate airborne exposure to cadmium. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. There was no relationship between cadmium exposure and stage of BC. Also, no association between cadmium exposure and grade of differentiation of BC was observed. However, further analyses by histological type suggested a positive association between cadmium and risk of invasive tubular carcinoma (ITC) BC [ORQ5 vs Q1 = 3.4 (95% CI 1.1-10.7)]. The restricted cubic spline assessment suggested a dose-response relationship between cadmium and ITC BC subtype. Our results do not support the hypothesis that airborne cadmium exposure may play a role in advanced BC risk, but suggest that cadmium may be associated with an increased risk of ITC

Percutaneous Cryoablation of Pulmonary Metastases from Colorectal Cancer

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of cryoablation for metastatic lung tumors from colorectal cancer. Methods: The procedures were performed on 24 patients (36–82 years of age, with a median age of 62; 17 male patients, 7 female patients) for 55 metastatic tumors in the lung, during 30 sessions. The procedural safety, local progression free interval, and overall survival were assessed by follow-up computed tomographic scanning performed every 3–4 months. Results: The major complications were pneumothorax, 19 sessions (63%), pleural effusion, 21 sessions (70%), transient and self-limiting hemoptysis, 13 sessions (43%) and tract seeding, 1 session (3%). The 1- and 3-year local progression free intervals were 90.8 % and 59%, respectively. The 3-years local progression free intervals of tumors #15 mm in diameter was 79.8 % and that of tumors.15 mm was 28.6 % (p = 0.001; log-rank test). The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 91% and 59.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that percutaneous cryoablation is a feasible treatment option. The local progression fre

Mise en évidence des propriétés chimiotactiques de l’oxygène pour des cellules épithéliales : implication du récepteur EGFR dans l’aérotaxie

Cell migration is a crucial process during embryonic development, wound healing, immune system but also metastasis. Success of these processes relies on the capacities of cells to sense an asymmetric signal, interpret it and orient themselves to migrate in a directed manner. In vivo, migration is guided by several signals from the cellular microenvironment. Hypoxia, or decrease in the level of tissue oxygen, is an important feature of the cellular environment in the embryo and in solid tumors. Owing to the limitation of oxygen diffusion, hypoxia often generates oxygen gradients in vivo. We have developed an original method in which epithelial cells themselves generate oxygen gradient in vitro. And interestingly, these cells are able to migrate directionally to higher oxygen concentrations. This aerotaxis ability is independent of mitochondrial respiration and hypoxia response pathway. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) would mediate the migratory response to the gradient. The asymmetric production of ROS between the front and the back of the cells would be at the origin of the differential activation of the EGFR receptor and the persistence of cells towards higher oxygen concentrations. This chemoattractant capacity of oxygen, known in bacteria, but not described for eukaryotic cells, could play a major role in embryonic development and in metastatic disseminationLa migration cellulaire dirigée est un processus crucial lors du développement embryonnaire, de la cicatrisation, de la réponse immunitaire mais aussi lors de la formation de métastases. La réussite de ces processus nécessite que les cellules perçoivent un signal asymétrique, l'interprète et s'oriente pour migrer de façon dirigée. In vivo, la migration est dirigée par de nombreux signaux du microenvironnement cellulaire. L'hypoxie, ou diminution du niveau d'oxygène tissulaire, est une caractéristique importante de l'environnement cellulaire dans l'embryon et dans les tumeurs solides. Du fait de la limitation de la diffusion de l'oxygène, l'hypoxie génère in vivo des gradients d'oxygène. Nous avons développé une méthode originale dans laquelle des cellules épithéliales génèrent elles-mêmes gradient d'oxygène in vitro. Et de façon très intéressante, ces cellules sont capables de migrer de façon directionnelle vers des concentrations en oxygène plus élevées. Cette capacité d'aérotaxie est indépendante de la respiration mitochondriale et des acteurs de réponse à l'hypoxie. Les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) seraient les médiateurs de la réponse migratoire au gradient. La production asymétrique de ROS entre l'avant et l'arrière des cellules serait à l'origine de l'activation différentielle du récepteur EGFR et de la persistance des cellules vers des concentrations plus importantes en oxygène. Cette capacité chimio-attractante de l'oxygène, connue chez les bactéries, mais non décrite pour des cellules eucaryotes, pourrait jouer un rôle majeur lors du développement embryonnaire et dans la dissémination métastatiqu

Identification of chemoattractant capacities of oxygen for epithelial cells : involvement of EGF receptor in aerotaxis

La migration cellulaire dirigée est un processus crucial lors du développement embryonnaire, de la cicatrisation, de la réponse immunitaire mais aussi lors de la formation de métastases. La réussite de ces processus nécessite que les cellules perçoivent un signal asymétrique, l'interprète et s'oriente pour migrer de façon dirigée. In vivo, la migration est dirigée par de nombreux signaux du microenvironnement cellulaire. L'hypoxie, ou diminution du niveau d'oxygène tissulaire, est une caractéristique importante de l'environnement cellulaire dans l'embryon et dans les tumeurs solides. Du fait de la limitation de la diffusion de l'oxygène, l'hypoxie génère in vivo des gradients d'oxygène. Nous avons développé une méthode originale dans laquelle des cellules épithéliales génèrent elles-mêmes gradient d'oxygène in vitro. Et de façon très intéressante, ces cellules sont capables de migrer de façon directionnelle vers des concentrations en oxygène plus élevées. Cette capacité d'aérotaxie est indépendante de la respiration mitochondriale et des acteurs de réponse à l'hypoxie. Les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) seraient les médiateurs de la réponse migratoire au gradient. La production asymétrique de ROS entre l'avant et l'arrière des cellules serait à l'origine de l'activation différentielle du récepteur EGFR et de la persistance des cellules vers des concentrations plus importantes en oxygène. Cette capacité chimio-attractante de l'oxygène, connue chez les bactéries, mais non décrite pour des cellules eucaryotes, pourrait jouer un rôle majeur lors du développement embryonnaire et dans la dissémination métastatiqueCell migration is a crucial process during embryonic development, wound healing, immune system but also metastasis. Success of these processes relies on the capacities of cells to sense an asymmetric signal, interpret it and orient themselves to migrate in a directed manner. In vivo, migration is guided by several signals from the cellular microenvironment. Hypoxia, or decrease in the level of tissue oxygen, is an important feature of the cellular environment in the embryo and in solid tumors. Owing to the limitation of oxygen diffusion, hypoxia often generates oxygen gradients in vivo. We have developed an original method in which epithelial cells themselves generate oxygen gradient in vitro. And interestingly, these cells are able to migrate directionally to higher oxygen concentrations. This aerotaxis ability is independent of mitochondrial respiration and hypoxia response pathway. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) would mediate the migratory response to the gradient. The asymmetric production of ROS between the front and the back of the cells would be at the origin of the differential activation of the EGFR receptor and the persistence of cells towards higher oxygen concentrations. This chemoattractant capacity of oxygen, known in bacteria, but not described for eukaryotic cells, could play a major role in embryonic development and in metastatic disseminatio

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